Miller v. SSM Health Care Corp.Miller v. SSM Health Care Corp.
Lindsey Nicole Miller (“Plaintiff’) appeals from the judgment entered upon a jury verdict in favor of SSM Health Care Corporation (“SSM”), Women’s Clinic of Jefferson City, P.C., and Robert E. Ferris, M.D. (“Dr.Ferris”) (collectively referred to as “Defendants”) following a jury trial on Plaintiffs medical negligence action. Plaintiff contends the trial court abused its discretion in allowing evidence of Plaintiffs expert’s censure by a professional organization for making misrepresentations in a deposition involving another medical liability case. Plaintiff also appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Jefferson City Medical Group, P.C. (“JCMG”), a fourth defendant named in Plaintiffs petition. Plaintiff claims the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of JCMG because JCMG was vicariously liable for the acts of Dr. Ferris. We affirm.
Plaintiff was born on January 31, 1990 at St. Mary’s Health Center in Jefferson City, Missouri, which at the time was operated by SSM. Dr. Ferris was the obstetrician involved in Plaintiffs delivery. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the facts surrounding Plaintiffs birth are as follows. Plaintiffs mother went to the hospital on the morning of January 31, 1990 after her water broke. Dr. Ferris decided to administer the drug Pitocin to speed up the labor process. Dr. Ferris entered the order for the medication at about 5:00 p.m., and thereafter left the hospital to go to his home located 1.8 miles away from the hospital. It was not the custom and practice of obstetricians to remain at the patient’s bedside during the drug’s administration. The administration of the drug began a few minutes later.-
Obstetrical nurse ' Virginia Pritzel (“Nurse Pritzel”) began to administer Pito-cin at the lowеst dosage. Nurse Pritzel stayed in the room and monitored the patient’s response to the drug. At 5:30 p.m., mild, variable decelerations of the fetal heart were noted on the fetal monitor.
Plaintiff filed her petition against SSM, JCMG, Women’s Clinic of Jefferson City, P.C., and Dr. Ferris asserting negligence on the part of Nurse Pritzel and Dr. Ferris resulting in Plaintiff suffering a hypoxic brain injury. The trial court entered summary judgment in favor of JCMG as to Plaintiffs claim of vicarious liability. The ease proceeded to trial against Defendants. After hearing all the evidence, the jury found in favor of Defendants. The trial court subsequently denied Plaintiffs claims in her motion for a new trial finding the jury’s verdict was supported by substantial and competent evidence, and there was no error in allowing the evidence of a professional organization censure because it was relevant to the credibility of the expert witness. Plaintiff now appeals.
In her first point, Plaintiff argues the trial court erred in overruling Plaintiffs objection and permitting Defendants’ cross-examination of Plaintiffs expert witness, Dr. Barry Schifrin, on the subject of a medical society’s previous censure of Dr. Schifrin. Plaintiff asserts that the evidenсe of the censure was not legally relevant and it was inadmissible hearsay. We disagree.
Dr. Schifrin was Plaintiffs expert witness. During direct examination, Dr. Schifrin described his education and experience, his interest in electronic fetal monitoring, and his publications and presentations related to that subject. Dr. Schifrin’s curriculum vitae, Exhibit 150, was identified by the witness and received by the trial court. The exhibit was used to reflect Dr. Schifrin’s specific credentials in terms of education, professional activities, and writings. The exhibit noted Dr. Schifrin’s membership in, and
During cross-examination by SSM’s attorney, Dr. Schifrin testified that he had written for a peer review medical journal. He also explained his role as a reviewer for peer review journals. SSM then asked Dr. Schifrin, without objection, whether “ACOG is your peers.” In response, Dr. Schifrin answered that he is “a reviewer for the ACOG journals.” SSM’s attorney then asked Dr. Schifrin whether ACOG had censured him. Plaintiff objected on relevancy and hearsay grounds. SSM’s attorney responded that Plaintiff had placed Dr. Schifrin’s curriculum vitae into evidence, which referenced his resignation from ACOG, and that Dr. Schifrin’s peer reviews were in evidence. The attorney for Dr. Ferris added that the reasons for Dr. Schifrin’s resignation from ACOG went to his credibility as a witness because he had ACOG on his vitae, he talked about being a member of ACOG, and his resignation from ACOG was noted on his vitae. The trial court overruled Plaintiffs relevancy objection, but sustained her hearsay objection. The trial court ruled that SSM’s attorney could ask Dr. Sсhifrin whether he had been censured by ACOG, but would not admit a letter referring to the ACOG censure. In so ruling, the trial court observed that Dr. Schifrin had listed ACOG on his vitae, and that he gave peer reviews, or that he did some kind of review for ACOG.
When Dr. Schifrin’s cross-examination resumed, the following exchange took place:
[SSM’S ATTORNEY]: Doctor, July 19, 2004, were you censured by ACOG for violation of Section 5.2, Societal Responsibilitiеs of ACOG Code of Professional Ethics 2001, by making factual misrepresentations in an opinion letter and deposition testimony for a medical liability claim?
[DR. SCHIFRIN]: That’s what it says, yes, I agree with that, that’s what happened.
[SSM’S ATTORNEY]: And subsequent to this, in November of 2004, you resigned from ACOG?
[DR. SCHIFRIN]: Yes.
SSM’s attorney did not ask Dr. Schifrin any further questions about the censure. Later, Dr. Ferris’s attorney cross-examined Dr. Schifrin about the ACOG censure, without objection, and asked:
[DR. FERRIS’S ATTORNEY]: Okay. And, in fact, I think on your curriculum vitae, the very first organization you list was ACOG, right?
[DR. SCHIFRIN]: Surely, yes.
[DR. FERRIS’S ATTORNEY]: That— that situation where ACOG censured you, sir, for making factual misrepresentations in an opinion letter and deposition testimony for a medical liability claim, when did you give that testimony that resulted in that censure by ACOG; do you recall?
[DR. SCHIFRIN]: I think it was — I don’t remember exactly. Probably 2003, early — late 2002, 2003.
The admissibility of evidence lies within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.
Nelson v. Waxman,
Plaintiff first argues that the evidence of Dr. Schifrin’s ACOG censure, although logically relevant to Dr. Schifrin’s credibility, was not legally relevant and inadmissible. Here, however, the jury was entitled to know about the censure because it might have affected Dr. Schifrin’s credibility as an expert witness. The jury is entitled to know information that might affect the credibility of the witness, and the weight to be given his testimony.
Callahan,
[i]t has long been the rule in Missouri that on cross-examination a witness may be asked any questions which tend to test his accuracy, veracity or credibility or to shake his credit by injuring his character. He may be compelled to answer any such question, however irrelevant it may be to the facts in issue, and however disgraceful the answer may be to himself, except where the answer might expose him to a criminal charge.
Sandy Ford Ranch, Inc. v. Dill,
Plaintiffs assertion that the trial court improperly allowed extrinsic evidence in a collateral matter of prior conduct must also fail. Initially, we note that Plaintiff did not object on this basis at trial, and therefore, this claim is not preserved for appellаte review.
See Carter v. St. John’s Regional Medical Center,
Moreover, the trial court sustained Plaintiffs objection to the use of extrinsic evidence of Dr. Schifrin’s censure and would not allow admission of the letter referring to the censure. Dr. Schifrin answered the questions truthfully alleviating the need for extrinsic evidence. In addition, Dr. Schifrin’s in-court testimony could not be considered “extrinsic evidence.”
See Litton v. Kornbrust,
Plaintiffs assertion that Dr. Schifrin was improperly impeached with evidence of uncharged crimes is also without merit. We note that Plaintiff did not object on this basis at trial, and therefore, this claim is not preserved for appellate review.
See Carter,
The Missouri cases cited by Plaintiff do not advance her position. In
Klein v. General Elec. Co.,
Plaintiffs reliance on
Noble v. Lansche,
Plaintiff also cites to numerous other cases from other jurisdictions, 2 including a number of unpublished trial court decisions addressing Dr. Schifrin’s censure by ACOG. 3 These cases are not controlling in this case and we find them unpersuasive. Here, Dr. Schifrin’s ACOG censure goes directly to his credibility as an exрert and it is an appropriate question on cross-examination.
In addition, Plaintiff sets forth a public policy argument that the public’s interest would be served in adopting a rule barring cross-examination of expert witness on the subject of professional censures. 4 We are not persuaded by Plaintiffs argument. This State provides for cross-examination of witnesses on matters that relаte to the credibility of the witness and Plaintiffs public policy argument does not undermine that long standing practice.
Finally, Plaintiff argues the evidence of Dr. Schifrin’s censure was inadmissible hearsay because it consisted of an out-of-court statement made by ACOG declaring that Dr. Schifrin acted inappropriately on a specific prior occasion, and it was offered for the truth оf the matter asserted. However, the sources of information used to cross-examine a witness to test qualifications, credibility, skill, or knowledge, and the value and accuracy of the expert’s opinion can include hearsay and do not need to be admissible as evidence.
State v. Brooks,
Plaintiff ultimately maintains that she was prejudiced by repeated references to Dr. Schifrin’s censurе by ACOG during examination of witnesses and in closing arguments. Plaintiff, however, has failed to show how she was prejudiced. While
In conclusion, we find the evidence was properly admitted by the trial court because the evidence of the censure related to Dr. Schifrin’s credibility as an expert witness. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing cross-examination of Dr. Sehifrin about his censure from ACOG. Point denied.
In her second point, Plaintiff contends the trial court erred in entering summary judgment in favor of JCMG and in denying Plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment on the issue of JCMG’s vicarious liability. Plaintiff asserts JCMG is vicariously liable for any negligence of Dr. Ferris because JCMG acquired the liability for the acts of Dr. Ferris by merging with his employer, and once such liability has been acquired, it cannot be terminated by a unilateral attempt to transfer the liability to another, namely the Women’s Clinic of Jefferson City, P.C. In light of our holding in Plaintiffs first point, we need not address this issue. The judgment in favor of Women’s Clinic of Jefferson City, P.C. and Dr. Ferris is affirmed because there was no trial court error. Thus, where there is no liability found on the part of Women’s Clinic of Jefferson City, P.C. and Dr. Ferris, there can be no vicarious liability to JCMG. Plaintiffs second point is denied.
The judgment is affirmed.
Notes
. Dr. Schifrin’s curriculum vitae listed, as the first of fourteen organizational memberships, that he was a Fellow, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, March 31, 1975 — November 29, 2004 (Resigned). Dr. Schifrin also listed that hе was an "Editorial Consultant, Journal of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.” Dr. Schifrin also indicated on his curriculum vitae that he had received two "Junior Fellow” awards, the Ephraim McDowell Award, and the Searle-Donald F. Richardson Award from ACOG. Dr. Schifrin also listed a number of publications and abstracts that he had completed for ACOG.
. The cases from other jurisdictions cited by Plaintiff include
Shirley v. Smith,
. Plaintiff provided copies of these decisions in her appendix. These cases were not presented to the trial court and are not part of the record below. Plaintiff filed a motion for this court to permit the filing of her appendix including these cases. Because these cases are irrelevant to our determination on appeal, we deny Plaintiff’s motion with regard to these cases.
.In her appendix, Plaintiff provided materials, including an American College of Emergency Physicians Professional Liability Task Force Report and American Society of Anesthesiologists Letters to the Editor, to support her public policy argument. Because these materials are irrelevant to our determination on appeal, we deny Plaintiff's motion to permit the filing of such materials.