289 N.W. 702 | Iowa | 1940
Plaintiff's petition alleges that he is licensed to make loans under $300 and is engaged in such business; that the defendants are members of the State Banking Board and as such threaten to enforce the provisions of chapter 419-f1 of the Code, 1935 [Ch.
At the trial it was stipulated that the plaintiff and the intervener are duly licensed under the laws of Iowa to make loans under $300, and are engaged in such business; that the defendants, as the State Banking Board, threaten, intend and expect to enforce chapter 419-f1 of the Code, 1935 [Ch.
The court found that provision for a method and system of regulation and control of the small loan business for the protection of a borrower of money from illegal, extortionate acts and demands on the part of the lender constitutes a proper field for legislation, that the chapter attacked herein was constitutionally enacted and the provisions of said chapter do not constitute improper delegation of legislative power. The legislation was sustained, injunction denied, and decree entered accordingly. From such decree plaintiff appeals.
[1] I. Appellant does not seriously dispute the correctness of the court's holding that regulation and control of the small loan business is a proper field for legislation. We are in accord with the supreme court of Indiana, which recently sustained an act of the Indiana legislature, substantially identical with the act here challenged, in the case of Finance Aid Corp. v. Wallace (Ind.Sup.)
"In the enactment of a regulatory law the Legislature has in mind the evils to be prevented or corrected and the purpose to establish safeguards for the protection of citizens. Doubtless the knowledge of the history of Shylock operations in this state convinced the Legislature of the necessity of the provisions of the 1933 act. It cannot be doubted that some persons took an undue and illegal advantage of those in need of funds."
[2] II. In support of his contention that chapter 419-f1 of the Code, 1935 [Ch.
"We are firm in the judgment that any mandatory provision of the constitution should not be annulled by judicial pronouncement, and the holding must be that the act in question in the case at bar is unconstitutional and invalid. We are of the opinion that the rule should be that an enrolled bill which bears the signature of the presiding officers of both houses and the governor, and filed in the office of the secretary *1009 of state, is the exclusive and conclusive proof and evidence of the text of the law as announced in such bill. And that such bill cannot be impeached except and unless it shows upon its face that it violates some constitutional provision, or that it be shown, by records which the constitution requires be kept by the legislature, that some mandatory provision of the constitution has not been complied with in its passage by the legislature, or the signing by the officers whose signatures the constitution requires to be attached thereto."
Pursuant to the above pronouncement, we there held that the statute, known as the Salary Reduction Act, was void because the legislature failed to follow certain mandatory provisions of the constitution in the course of its enactment. Since such decision we have had occasion to review the legislative history of several other statutes, but our later decisions have uniformly been to the effect that the mandatory provisions of the constitution were complied with by the legislature. In the case of Scott v. Board of Assessment Review,
The record in reference to the enactment of chapter 419-f1 of the Code, 1935 [Ch.
III. Whereas appellant's contention regarding the constitutionality of the enactment of chapter 419-f1 of the Code, 1935 [Ch.
A proper interpretation of the statute attacked requires consideration of other provisions. The chapter provides that a person, co-partnership, association or corporation engaged in making loans of $300 or less, may not charge a greater rate of interest than that permitted by law unless he be a licensee under the chapter. Provision is made for making application for such license, fixing the fee, requiring a bond, authorizing the superintendent to make an investigation and approve or deny the application, providing for renewal, suspension, revocation or surrender of the license once granted, providing for examination of the business conducted, and the making of annual reports by the licensee. The superintendent is also authorized to make reasonable rules and regulations necessary for the enforcement of the chapter and may employ assistants necessary to enforce the provisions of the chapter. In other words, the chapter provides for rather extensive regulation and control of the business of making loans of $300 or less. Such is its general purpose.
Section 9438-f13 [9438.13, C'39] provides that the state banking board, created by chapter 412-a1 of the Code [Ch.
"2. To determine and fix by a regulation such maximum rate of interest or charges upon each such class of small loans as will induce efficiently managed commercial capital to enter such business in sufficient amounts to make available adequate credit facilities to individuals without the security or financial responsibility usually required by commercial banks."
Subparagraph d of said section 9438-f13 [9438.13 (4), C'39] provides:
"d. Until March 1, 1935, and until such further time as a different rate is fixed by the board, the maximum rate of interest or charges upon such class or classes of small loans shall be three per cent per month on any part of the unpaid principal balance of the loan not exceeding one hundred and fifty dollars and two and one-half per cent per month on any part of the loan in excess of one hundred fifty dollars."
Under the record herein, it is stipulated that the State Banking Board threatens, intends and expects to carry out the provisions of subparagraph a-2, above-quoted. Appellant contends that an injunction should issue because the provisions they seek to enforce constitute an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power contrary to Article
[3] In Article III of the constitution, under the heading, "Of the Distribution of Powers", section 1 provides:
"The powers of the government of Iowa shall be divided into three separate departments — the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial: and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any function appertaining to either of the others, except in cases hereinafter expressly directed or permitted." In said Article III under the heading, "Legislative Department", section 1 provides: "The legislative authority of this State shall be vested in a General Assembly." The foregoing provisions of our constitution are similar to provisions in the constitution of the United States and the constitutions of the several states. As everyone knows, the doctrine of separation of powers is a *1012 unique characteristic of the American system of government. By virtue of this doctrine, the legislature is prohibited from delegating its power to other branches of the government. An administrative board, such as the state banking board, constitutes a part of the executive branch of the government. Hence, under our system, Article III of the constitution prohibits delegation to the executive branch powers which can be exercised solely by the legislative branch of the government. There are various decisions of this court and innumerable decisions of the federal courts and the courts of the several states recognizing and interpreting this principle.
Appellant relies upon our holding in the case of Goodlove v. Logan,
"VII. Stopping on Traveled Portion of Road. No vehicle shall stop on the traveled portion of any primary road except when such vehicle is disabled and unable to proceed without emergency repairs or change of tires."
In determining that the delegation of such power and authority to the highway commission violated Article III of the constitution, we conclude as follows:
"Thus it seems to us that the legislature under Code section 5066 has left to the highway commission first to say whether there shall be any law, and, second, what that law shall be. This is a delegation of legislative power, and same is unconstitutional."
Subsequently, in the case of State v. Van Trump,
"5. Adopt rules and regulations subject to the approval of the executive council for the propagation, the protection, the trapping, hunting, pursuing, catching, killing, fishing for, or the taking in any manner of, or the selling or transportation of all or any portion of, or the use or the having possession of any fish, birds, mussels, fur-bearing, or other animals, the protection of which may be advisable throughout, or in portions of the state, whenever, after investigation, such regulations shall be desirable for the proper use and conservation of the resources of the state."
In holding such statute to be unconstitutional, we conclude as follows:
"When we come to analyze the language of section 1703-d12, we find that it grants what Justice Cardozo of the United States Supreme Court described in the Panama Refining Company case, supra, as a `roving commission' and a `vagrant and unconfined' power to establish and make law. There is no sufficient `yardstick' or statement of legislative policy in the broad grant of power to the conservation commission to `adopt rules and regulations — whenever * * * such regulations shall be desirable for the proper use and conservation of the resources of the State.' Such delegation of power, without definition of legislative policy and standard, amounts to surrender by the legislature to the commission of its duties. This cannot be done in keeping with the spirit and intent of the Constitution, and it is therefore our holding that the rules and regulations so adopted and published by the state conservation commission are without authority and void."
In commenting upon the results which might be reached, were this court to disregard its duty and obligation to declare an act of the legislature unconstitutional when it violates the provisions of the constitution, we state in Goodlove v. Logan, supra, at page 107 of 217 Iowa,
"If the legislature had a right to pass section 5066, granting to the highway commission the authority to adopt rules *1014 and regulations governing the stopping of cars upon a paved highway, the legislature can also empower the highway commission to pass rules and regulations governing the speed and right of way, and all duties of automobile drivers. If the legislature can delegate to the highway commission the right to do these things, then, of course, the legislature can delegate the same power to the board of control, to the insurance commissioner, superintendent of banking, and all other administrative departments of the state may be likewise empowered to enact rules and regulations to be given the force of statutes, which said commission might in their judgment determine to be for the general protection of the public. Once such bureaucracy has fastened itself into the life of legislative power, little else need be done by the legislature than to meet and create boards."
[4] Appellant's contentions herein, based upon the holdings above-quoted, present an imposing challenge to the constitutionality of the statute now under attack. Were we to strictly construe the inhibition contained in Article III of the constitution that "no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any function appertaining to either of the others", appellant's contentions would appear to have substantial merit. However, it must be borne in mind that this court, in harmony with the other courts of this country, both state and federal, recognizes that the exercise of its prerogative to declare an act of the legislature unconstitutional is a delicate function, which should be exercised not only with care, but also only in those cases where it is clear, plain and palpable that such decision is required. Before making such decision, we approach the question faced with a presumption that the legislation is constitutional and with an inhibition that we cannot otherwise declare if there is a reasonable doubt on the subject. This proposition is announced by us in the case of State v. Manning,
"In the first place, we are confronted with the rule of construction of legislative acts laid down by our court that: `There is no presumption against the validity of an act of the legislature. On the contrary, all presumptions are in its *1015
favor, and a statute will not be held unconstitutional unless its contravention of constitutional guaranties is so clear, plain, and palpable as to leave no reasonable doubt on the subject; and where the language is reasonably susceptible of different meanings, the courts will lean to that construction which is consistent with its validity.' City of Des Moines v. Manhattan Oil Company,
[5] Pursuant to the pronouncement above-quoted, and the cases therein cited, this court, in harmony with the decisions of the federal courts and the courts of the several states, has adopted a liberal interpretation of the constitution in favor of the constitutionality of legislation. Accordingly, those who contend that the tendency developed during the last 25 years to delegate legislative power to administrative boards and tribunals threatens our form of government, must look to the legislature primarily for relief. It is only in extreme cases, where unconstitutionality appears beyond a reasonable doubt, that this court can or should act, unless we are to depart from fundamental and well established principles of construction, which we are convinced are sound and should be adhered to.
[6] In recognizing that, under the liberal interpretation of the constitution above referred to, a legislature can, under certain circumstances, delegate to an administrative board or tribunal power to make rules and regulations, we state in the case of State v. Van Trump, supra, at page 506 of 224 Iowa,
"The legislature may not delegate its purely legislative power. The courts thruout the land have held this. Nevertheless, it has been recognized from the very earliest times that this does not prevent the legislature from invoking the aid of other governmental departments in effectuating its policies. This court has endeavored, within constitutional limits, *1016
to pursue a `common sense' policy in determining the extent to which delegation may be permitted, and to give due consideration to the necessities of governmental coordination and the practical difficulty of adapting legislation to complex conditions involving a host of detail. Hampton, Jr., Co. v. U.S.,
Again, at page 507, we state:
"No government, embodying the principles of the separation of power could function if the legislature were prohibited from conferring power or authority of any character upon executive or administrative officials. The cases demonstrate that no such arbitrary prohibition is intended. In determining whether a statute authorizing the adoption of rules and regulations involved an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power, the issue is not whether any such authority has been delegated but rather is as to the nature of the authority involved.
"If it is `strictly and exclusively legislative' in character, it cannot be delegated. If it is not of that restricted character, it may be.
"When the legislature declares a general rule and prescribes the circumstances under which it shall apply but in such general terms as to require that authority be delegated to others `to fill up the details' by rule or regulation, the weight of authority is that the `strictly and exclusively legislative' power has not been delegated. When the legislature lays down an intelligible and complete declaration of policy which is definite in describing the subject to which it relates or to the field wherein it shall apply, and the character of regulation which is intended to be imposed, it is proper to leave to a non-legislative body the manner in which that general policy shall apply to varying situations."
Pursuant to the principles recognized by us in the Van *1017
Trump case above-quoted from, this court has sustained numerous statutes, which delegate to administrative boards and officials power and authority "to fill up the details" after the legislature has laid down "an intelligible and complete declaration of policy which is definite in describing the subject to which it relates or to the field wherein it shall apply." One of the most notable examples is the case of McLeland v. Marshall County,
"It may be conceded, as contended by appellants, that the highway commission is an administrative body only, and cannot properly exercise legislative power. The inquiry is, then, do the statutes in question attempt to confer legislative power upon the commission? We think, upon careful examination and analysis of the statutes in question, that they do not lend support to the position of appellants that they confer legislative duties and power upon the commission. The exact line of demarcation between legislative power and administrative duties, in some cases, is not easily determinable. It may be stated in a general way that it is for the legislature to determine what the law shall be, to create rights and duties and provide a rule of conduct. This does not necessarily mean that the legislature must lay down a strict rule that must be followed by an administrative officer; but that an executive or commission may be vested by the legislative branch of the government with discretion, within certain limits, in carrying out the provisions of a statute."
In an earlier case, Hubbell v. Higgins,
"It is next argued that the act in question confers upon the hotel inspector legislative powers. This contention is based *1018 upon certain general provisions contained in the statute which call for the exercise of judgment on the part of the hotel inspector. By its terms such act is not applicable to hotels of `approved fireproof construction.' It is argued that this expression is not known to the trade, and therefore that it can mean nothing except that the hotel inspector may arbitrarily approve or disapprove a given hotel as being of `fireproof construction' or otherwise. The act also provides that `approved sanitary conditions' shall be maintained, and that cesspools and privies shall be properly cleaned and disinfected as often as necessary to maintain them in such sanitary condition. It is argued that the inspector may arbitrarily determine whether a hotel is thus maintained in a sanitary condition or not, and that the statute contains no definition which will protect the hotel keeper against such arbitrary conduct. * * * The fallacy in the argument at this point is the assumption that the hotel inspector may arbitrarily, in a given case, find the facts to be otherwise than as they truly are. The inspector is himself amenable to the law and can proceed only under the law and in accordance with the facts as they shall be."
In the case of Brady v. Mattern,
"It is further contended, however, that the statute is open to the objection that it improperly confers legislative power upon the Executive Council and the Auditor of State. Here, again, we find no authorities which hold that the Legislature cannot give to executive officers a discretion in determining the conditions to be imposed on the conduct of a business which is subject to legislative control. The Legislature can only pass general statutes. It cannot provide for their application to particular conditions. Discretion may be conferred upon a railroad commission to fix rates of fare or freight. Georgia Railroad v. Smith,
In Noble v. English,
The only decision, cited in the briefs, and apparently the only one, so far decided which is directly analogous to the decision here required of us, is that of Finance Aid Corp. v. Wallace, supra. The Indiana court there sustained, as constitutional, a statute substantially identical with that now before us. The same attack was made there as is made here. In *1020 sustaining the legislation, the court states at page 475 of 23 N.E.2d, as follows:
"As pointed out in Blue v. Beach, supra [
[7, 8] Applying the rules announced by us in the decisions hereinbefore cited to the record now presented to us, we are disposed to agree with the Indiana court. The contentions of appellant raise a doubt as to the constitutionality of the statute attacked, but, as heretofore pointed out, the burden upon appellant requires more than a reasonable doubt as to thevalidity of the statute. It is necessary that the statute be shown to be invalid beyond a reasonable doubt. We are unable to reach any such conclusion and, accordingly, pursuant to the presumption in favor of the constitutionality of the statute and resolving such doubts as there may be in favor of its constitutionality, we are disposed to find and hold that the standards *1021 fixed by the legislature are sufficiently definite and carefully defined to warrant conferring upon the State Banking Board power to find the facts, adopt rules and regulations accordingly, and give effect to the legislative policy determined by the general assembly.
By reason of the foregoing, the decree must be and it is affirmed. — Affirmed.
All JUSTICES concur.