This сase involves a contest between appellant and ap-pellee over the leasing of state school lands situate in Hot Springs County. On June 8th, 1914, the State, through its proper land board, issued an operator’s lease covering the lands in question to appellee, for a period of five years. This lease would have expired five years later, but by order of the board dated June 4th, 1919, the lease was extended *347 to June 19th, 1919, to obtain a geological report. On the latter date, another operator’s lease was granted to appellee for a period of five years.
On June 19th, 1914, appellee, F. E. Hurley, filed application with the Commissioner of Public Lands for a renewal of said lease, claiming the preferred and superior right thereto under the laws, regulations and policy adopted and followed by the State of Wyoming; and in support thereof claimed that he was a taxpayer of the State of Wyoming and a resident citizen of the State of Wyoming, and that he had caused thirty-nine standard wells to be drilled upon said lands at a cost of $277,726.76, and had expended in necessary surface equipment in the completion and operation of said thirty-nine wells and the operation of the lease the sum of $50,881.94, and had paid to the State of Wyoming in royalty in excess of $600,000.00; that the reasonable and conservative value of the material and surface equipment upon said lease, essential and necessary for the present and continued operation thereof, was $125,160.95. In said application a renewal of the existing lease was requested and in addition thereto the applicant requested that the royalty for the ensuing five years on light oil be fixed at not to exceed twenty-five percent and the royalty on the black oil, seventeen and one-half percent.
On June 18th, 1924, appellant, Henry A. Miller, addressed a letter to the Commissioner of Public Lands making application for an operating lease on the land here involved, offering to pay a royalty of thirty-three and one-third percent for all of the oil and gas produced from said lands and agreeing to pay for the improvements as required by law. In this letter he enclosed a certified check in the sum of ten thousand dollars. This letter was sealed in an envelope addressed to the State Land Commissioner, Cheyenne, Wyoming, and marked a “Bid for State Land, to be opened June 19, 1924.”
On June 20th, 1924, at nine o’clock, A. M., the Commissioner opened the sealed envelope and marked the sаme *348 “Application»No. 39141” and on that day tbe Commissioner rendered bis decision on tbe conflicting applications for lease by rejecting tbe application of Henry A. Miller and granting tbe application of F. E. Hurley on tbe basis of tbirty-tbree and one-tbird percent royalty on all oil and gas and allowed thirty days in wbicb to appeal.
From tbis decision Henry A. Miller appealed to tbe State Board of Land Commissiоners on July 21st, 1924. And from tbis decision F. E. Hurley also appealed, insofar as said decision fixed a royalty on black oil at tbirty-tbree and one-third percent.
On August 30th, 1924, tbe respective parties hereto appeared before tbe State Board of Land Commissioners at wbicb time a bearing was held before said board upon tbe appeals from tbe decision of tbe Commissioner, and after tbe conclusion of tbe same tbe board took tbe matter under advisement. Again, on November 6th, 1924, tbe matter of tbe conflicting applications of tbe respective parties hereto was before the State Board of Land Commissioners for consideration, and on that date said board approved tbe decision of tbe Commissioner allowing tbe lease to F. E. Hurley at Tbirty-tbree and one-third percent royalty and rejected tbe аpplication of Henry A. Miller.
From tbis decision, Henry A. Miller gave notice of appeal to tbe District Court of Hot Springs County, Wyoming, under tbe provisions of Chapter 60, Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1920.
On October 27th, 1925, tbe cause came on regularly for trial in tbe District Court of Hot Springs County, Wyoming, at which time testimony was offered by tbe respective parties hereto in addition to tbe testimony that was offered at tbe bearing before tbe State Board of Land Commissioners on August 30th, 1924; and thereafter, and on January 23rd, 1926, tbe trial judge rendered judgment in favor of F. E. Hurley, appellee, and Miller has appealed to tbis court.
*349 The evidence produced at the trial in the District Court shows that the terms and covenants of both leases held by appellee on the lands in question over a period of ten years had been carried out and the lands embraced therеin had been developed by appellee in a manner satisfactory to the board. During that period, thirty-nine producing wells had been completed at a cost of over $275,000; the oil had been marketed at the prevailing market prices; the light oil sand had been fully developed as far as the drilling of wells was concerned, and one black oil well had been completed and was producing, and two further offset wells for the production of black oil were being drilled, these black oil wells being of great depth, from 3900 to 4200 feet, and costing $92,000 and upward per well to drill.
The evidence further showed that appellee’s company (The Ohio Oil Company) had tested nineteen structures in Wyoming, only two of which had proved commercially productive; that it has been the policy of the state land board over a long period of time to renew leases at the expiration thereof when the lessee had abided by the terms of his lease; and that the appraised value of the equipment on the lease in question at the time of its installation was over $125,000. It further appeared that appellant and his associates, Bonfils, Mrs. Tammen, and the Children’s Hospital, all of Denver, Colorado, had never developed any unproven Wyoming structurеs to production; that shortly before the expiration of the lease on the lands in question, in June, 1924, the appellant had gone to the Commissioner of Public Lands and inquired of him about vacant state lands available for oil drilling, and was then told by the Commissioner that there was plenty of such lands; that appellant then informed the Commissioner that he was looking only for proven lands and had no desire to acquire leases on unproven territory; that the land board had known at all times that appellee represented The Ohio Oil Company.
At the hearing before the land board, appellant requested that the lease in question be auctioned off to the highest bid *350 der, in case tbe board did not grant it to him outright. This request was denied by the board.
Other facts developed both at the hearing before the land board and during the trial in the District Court, but we deem the above a sufficient statement for the purposes of this decision. The judgment of the District Court was for appellee and affirming the action of the land board.
As we understand appellant’s contentions in this court, he bases his request for a reversal of the District Court’s decision upon four propositions, as follows:
1. Appellee’s lease.expired on June 18th, 1924, and the application for renewal made on June 19th was after the expiration of the former lease, and hence appellee lost whatever rights he may have had to a renewal, under Section 712, 'Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1920, as amended by Chapter 62, Session Laws of 1921, or under the rules and regulations of the land board.
2. That the lease of appellee having expired on June 18th, the lands in question became vacant state lands, under Section 706, Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1920, and should have been auctioned off to the one who would pay the highest annual rental therefor.
3. That the trial in the District Court, under Section 753, Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1920, is ríe novo and that, therefore, the judgment of the District Court in affirming the decision of the land board on the ground that that board had not acted beyond its lawful discretion in granting the lease to appellee was erroneous.
4. That the action of thе board in granting the lease to appellee on the royalty basis embodied in appellant’s request for the lease, and the refusal of the board to grant the lease to appellant on his offer of a higher royalty than was offered by appellee in his application for renewal of the lease, was against public policy, and void.
*351 We shall briefly discuss these propositions and state our conclusions thereon.
1. On June 19th, 1919, appellee was granted a lease for the term, to quote from the lease, “of five years from June 19, 1919” on the lands in question. Appellant contends that this lease would expire at midnight on June 18th, 1924. Appellee did not apply for a renewal thereof until June 19th, 1924. Hence, if appellant is right, the lease expired the day before the application for renewal was filed. Ap-pellee contends that it was the custom of the state board to consider a lease as expiring on the day of the month of the expiration year corresponding with the day of the month on which it was granted. This appears from the evidence to have been the custom. The copy of the lease on the lands in question granted on June 19th, 1919, retained in the records of the land board, was marked on the back as еxpiring on June 19th, 1924; and a record from the land office introduced in evidence, containing a list of state leases together with the date of lease and date of expiration thereof, showed the date of expiration, not only of this lease, but of all other leases on that list, as expiring on a day of the month of the year of expiration corresponding with the day of the month on which the lease was grantеd. And oral testimony was to the effect that this had always been the custom of the land board. We think, under these circumstances, the lease in question did not expire until June 19th, 1924. 35 Corpus Juris, 975, Sec. 53.
2. On the second contention of appellant, we are of the opinion that the lands in question were not, on June 19th, 1924, vacant lands, within the meaning of Section 706, Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1920. That section refers to lands vacant in fact, unocсupied. The lands in question were occupied by appellee on that date, as shown by the evidence. They were occupied by forty producing wells, two wells drilling, machinery, buildings, etc. Hence, they were not lands required to be auctioned off to the highest bidder, under Section 706, Wyoming Compiled Statutes, 1920.
*352
3. Section. 753, Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1920, provides that upon appeal from the decision of the land board to thе District Court, “said contest proceeding shall stand to be heard and for trial
de novo,
by said court.” What judgment is to be rendered, and the form thereof, are not specifically provided for in that section. By the expression “a trial
de novo”
is meant a new trial upon the questions of fact. Bucknum v. Johnson,
“WHEREFORE, by reason of the law and the finding aforesaid, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the decision of the State Board of Land Commissioners of the State of Wyoming, dated November 8, 1924, affirming the decision of the Commissioner of Public Lands of the State of Wyoming, dated June 20, 1924, wherein said Commissioner allowed the application of F. E. Hurley for an oil and gas lease covering and describing the south half north-east quarter and east half northwest quarter of Section nineteen, Township forty-six north, Range ninety-eight wеst of the 6th Principal Meridian, and situate in Hot Springs County, State of Wyoming, and disallowing the application of Henry A. Miller for an oil and gas lease covering and describing the same lands, be, and the same is, hereby affirmed and the judgment of this Court is rendered in favor of the Appellee. ’ ’
The contention of the appellant is, as we understand it, that an appeal from the land board and a trial
do novo
in the District Court, whatever discretiоn the land board may
*353
have had in the proceedings before that board is set aside, completely wiped ont, and that the only discretion left in the case is the discretion the District Court may possess in the ordinary trial of a civil action, and, further, that the judgment of that court must grant a lease either to appellant or appellee. We think a little reflection on the result of such contention will demonstrate thаt it is untenable under the policy of the laws of this state relating to the leasing of state lands. In the first place, nowhere in the Constitution or statutes is the District Court, or a judge thereof, granted power to lease state lands. Both the Constitution and the statutes repose that power in the land board. In exercising such power, the land board exercises a wide discretion. State v. State Board of Land Commissioners,
In the former decisions of this court above set forth, it has been held that the discretion of the land board is a substantial thing and cannot be interfered with by the courts except in ease of fraud or grave abuse, resulting in manifest wrong or injustice. Yet if appellant’s contention were upheld, it would be necessary to hold that the discretion of the land board, conferred on it by the constitution and statutes of this state, and heretofore recognized by the decisions of this court, is completely wiped out by an appeal. We cannot concur in such сontentions, but hold that that discretion should be controlling except in the case of an illegal exercise thereof or in ease of fraud or grave abuse of such discretion.
In this same connection, appellant complains of the judg *354 ment of tbe trial court because it consisted in tbe affirmance of tbe decision of the land board, bis contention being that tbe judgment of tbe District Court on appeal from the decision of tbe land board should be, as in an appeаl from a justice of tbe peace, simply a judgment for either appellant or appellee. It will be observed that tbe District Court’s decision in tbe present case was both an affirmance of tbe land board’s decision and a judgment for appellee. So we think we might dispose of this question by saying that tbe judgment complained of was sufficient even under appellant’s contention. However, we think we ought to say further that, tbe land board being exclusively vested with tbe power to grant leases on state lands, and no such power being granted to tbe courts, a judgment of tbe District Court on appeal from a decision of tbe land board must necessarily result either in tbe affirmance or reversal of tbe action of tbe land board, whether such affirmance or reversal is expressed in tbe judgment or not. This seems to have been assumed to be tbe correct view in at least a part of tbe former decisions of this court; for in tbe case of Baker v. Brown, supra, it is said: “It is quite impossible, upon tbe facts in this case, to say that there was such an abuse of discretion on tbe part of tbe board that its decision should be reversed.” And in tbe case of Cooper v. McCormick, snpra, this court said: “Tbe judgment of tbe District Court must, therefore, be reversed; and that court will be directed to vacate its judgment and enter an order reversing tbe determination of tbe board and ordering tbe granting and execution of a lease to plaintiff in error. ’ ’
¥e have not overlooked in this connection tbe language used by this court in tbe case of Bucknum v. Johnson, supra, on tbe question either of tbe judgment to be entered by tbe District Conrt or on tbe question of that court sitting in an appeal as a substitute for tbe board. ¥e do not think that opinion inconsistent with tbe views herein expressed. That ease discusses what is meant by a trial de novo in tbe District Court, and bolds that it means that tbe Court is to *355 determine the facts for itself without regard to the determination of facts as found by the board. "We agree with that. But that case does not hold that the discretion of the land board is wiped out by appeal and the •discretion of the trial judge substituted in its place. In that case, the judgment of the District Court was reversed because it was held that under the facts as found by the trial judge, the land board had the right to lease the land as it did, under its discretion as a leasing board. We think the judgment of the trial court was in proper form. Section 757, Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1920, as before stated, does not prescribe the form of judgment, but provides that upon appeal the case shall be tried in the District Court “in all respects as civil cases are tried in said district court.” Section 741 provides among other things that “The decisions of the board shall be final until set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction. ’ ’ This latter section seems to contemplate that a reversal or affirmance of the board’s decision by the court on appeal should be included in the judgment.
4. It was lastly claimed by appellant that the aсtion of the board in granting the lease in question to appellee was void as against public policy. In this connection, we understand appellant makes the following claims: first, that ap-pellee’s lease having expired on June 18th and his application for renewal not having been filed until June 19th, he lost all preference right to a renewal, under Section 712, Wyoming Compiled Statutes 1920, as amended by Chapter 62, Session Laws of 1921, and under the rules and regulations of the land board; second, that appellant having offered in his application to take the lease at a higher royalty basis than did the appellee in his application, it was against public policy to grant a renewal to appellant; and, third, that under such conditions, the most the land board could do was to put the lease up to the highest bidder, under Sectiоn 706, Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1920.
We cannot agree with the contention of appellant that the action of the land board was illegal or fraudulent, nor *356 can we agree that its action in handling the lease in question constituted, a grave abuse of discretion resulting in manifest wrong or injustice. We have already held that the lease in question did not expire until June 19th and that the lands in question were not vacant lands, and hence not subject to the provisions of Section 706. The State of Wyoming lost no revenue by the action of the land board. The lease was granted to appellee and finally accepted on the royalty basis offered by appellant. Section 699, Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1920, gives the land board power to adopt reasonable rules and regulations binding upon applicants for leases. Section 75 of thеse regulations provides that it is the policy of the board to give great consideration to applications by former lessees who have made valuable improvements on the lands leased. We think this regulation is not unreasonable. It is for the board to adopt that rule or policy, consistent with law, which to them shall seem most beneficial to the State of Wyoming, and in the absence of a showing of fraud or grave abuse of discretion, such rule or policy will not be interferred with by the courts. The policy of the board to renew leases at the expiration thereof where the lessee has expended large sums of money in developing such leases is probably based upon the assumption that to do otherwise would discourage persons from leasing state lands for the development of the minerals underlying them. A persоn or a company would not be willing to expend hundreds of thousands of dollars in drilling unproven territory for oil unless he could with reasonable assurance expect to be granted a preference right to renew the lease at the expiration thereof, provided he were willing to pay a reasonable royalty for such renewal, to be fixed by the land board. We cannot say that such an assumption on the part of the land board is illegal, arbitrary or unreasonable.
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
Affirmed.