273 F. 143 | 4th Cir. | 1921
In this action df ejectment, instituted by George L. Estabrook and Sabin W. Colton, Jr., trustees, against a
The plaintiffs traced their title to the two tracts of 38% and 14% acres from a grant to James Carnohan, dated November 13, 1786, for 30,000 acres, and a grant to Samuel Smith, dated June 29,, 1797, which overlapped. The title under the two grants became united in Henry McFarlan in 1854, and from him plaintiffs derive their title. The plaintiffs also undertook to show common source and their superior title under it. The defendants’ adverse possession would defeat plaintiffs’ title, unless the District Judge was right in holding that the possession of the defendants and their predecessors in title was limited to the surface by reason of the severance of the surface and minerals.
We consider first the proof of title to the tract of 38% acres, and of the severance of the surface and minerals. The vital point in plaintiffs’ case is whether there was a severance of the surface find minerals, of which defendants and their predecessors in title had due notice. They claim that a severance was effected in 1888 in the course of plaintiffs’ title by the following instrument, termed a disclaimer, which recites in full the circumstances under which it was executed by A. C. Chaney then in possession of the land:
“Whereas, certain actions of ejectment are now pending in the District Court of the United States for the District of West Virginia, in favor of ‘Henry McFarlan and others against Lewis Adkins and others,’ ‘John P. Yelverton and others against Jeremiah Witcher and others,’ ‘Gustavus A. Sacchi against James A. Holley and others,’ ‘Gustavus A. Sacchi against. John M. Reece and others,’ ‘Gustavus A. Sacchi against A. J. Barrett and others,’ for the recovery of a tract of land heretofore conveyed by Henry McFarlan and others, trustees of the Guyandotte Land Company to Gustavus A. Sacchi by deed bearing date on the 27th day of June, 1865, and recorded in the office of the recorder of Cabell county, in Book A (new series), page 104; and
“Whereas, Alex C. Chaney is in possession and claiming title to a portion of said land, so sought to be recovered, and is desirous of settling any and all conflicting claims to lands so occupied and claimed by him:
“Now, therefore, the said Chaney, in consideration of the premises and of being released from all liability for costs in relation to lands sought to be recovered as aforesaid, doth hereby disclaim all right, title, claim, demand, or interest in and to all and any land set out and described in said declarations in said actions of ejectment, except a piece or parcel of land situate, lying and being a survey made by Samuel Harris on the 28th day of September, 1855, for 95 acres. But the said Chaney hereby disclaims all title to or interest in all coal (except so*much as shall be required for domestic purposes) and iron ore, hydrocarbon oils, salt brine, natural gas, and all other minerals in, upon or under the said tract of land herein excepted, with the exclusive right to the plaintiffs and those claiming under -them for the rights'of*147 way for tram, rail, and wagon roads through said land so excepted, and to dig for and mine coal, iron ore, bore for oil or natural gas, and the necessary conveniences on said land for storing oil and coal, and the transmission of the same by the best and most convenient means to market.
“And the said Chaney further agrees that the plaintiffs in either of said actions may take judgment against him in ejectment, for the interest by him herein disclaimed, and to that end ho empowers any attorney of said court to appear for him in either of said actions, and consent that judgment be entered and that this disclaimer be filed as part of the record in such ease.
“Given under my hand and seal this 18th day of Sepi ember, 1888.
Ms “A. O. X Chaney. [Seal.]”
“Where a party excepts to the admission of testimony, he is hound to state his objection specifically, and in a proceeding for error he is confined*148 to the objection so taken. If he assign no ground of exception, a mere objection cannot avail him.” Burton v. Driggs, 20 Wall. 125, 22 L. Ed. 299; Noonan v. Caledonia Mining Co., 121 U. S. 393, 400, 7 Sup. Ct. 911, 30 L. Ed. 1061.
Besides, the copy of the will, being properly authenticated under R. S. § 905 (Comp. St. § 1519), was admissible in evidence.
In Woodall v. Clark, 254 Fed. 526, 166 C. C. A. 84, we held a paper in almost identical language to be in effect a quitclaim deed. Careful reconsideration has strengthened that conclusion. It is true an ordinary disclaimer is merely a pleading in a case to escape costs, but it may be much more. In Prescott v. Hutchinson, 13 Mass. 440, the court said as to a disclaimer by a tenant:
“At common law such a disclaimer was never considered as a bar to the action. So far from showing that the defendant had no right to the de¡manded premises, it was an acknowledgment of his title. It operated, in some respects, as a release by the tenant. If two tenants were jointly sued, a disclaimer by one of them generally vested the whole in the other co-tenant. So, if only one were sued, and disclaimed, whatever estate he had was, in effect, passed co and vested in the defendant. He might immediately enter, and would become seised according to the title set forth in his writ; ‘and the tenant would be afterwards estopped from disputing that title. A disclaimer, instead of being a plea to the action, resembles so far a release or conveyance of the land, that, in general, no person could disclaim, who was incapable of conveying the land.” Kentucky Union Co. v. Cornett, 112 Ky. 677, 66 S. W. 728.
The Code of West Virginia of 1913 provides:
“Sec. 2780. Form of Release. Whenever, in any deed, there shall be used the words, ‘The said grantor (or the said-) releases to the said grantee (or the said -) all his claims upon the said lands,’ such deed shall be construed as if it set forth that the grantor (or releasor) hath remised, released, and forever quitted claim, and by these presents doth remise, release, and forever quitclaim unto the grantee (or releasee) his heirs and assigns, all right, title, and interest whatsoever, both at law, and in equity, in or to the lands and premises granted (or released) or intended so to be, so that neither he nor his personal representative, his heirs' or assigns, shall, at any time thereafter have, claim, challenge, or demand the said lands and premises, or any part thereof, in any manner whatever.”
“Sec. 3790. Deeds Not Conforming to Prescribed Form — Validation. Any deed, or part of a deed, which shall fail to conform to the provisions of this chapter, shall nevertheless be as valid and effectual', and shall bind the parties thereto, as far as the rules of law and equity will permit, as if it had so conformed.”
A release is “the act or writing by which some claim or interest is surrendered to another person.” Anderson Law Diet. It is “the giving up or abandoning a claim or right to the person against whom the claim exists or the right is to be exercised and enforced.” Bouvier’s Law Diet. Technically a disclaimer is a pleading “alleging that the defendant has not any right or title and that he does not claim the subject matter of the suit.” Daniell’s Ch. Prac. 808.
Applying these definitions, it is evident that the instrument here under consideration is more than a mere plea of disclaimer. So far
Chapter 73. § 2: “The clerk of the county court of any county in which any deed, contract, power of attorney, or other writing is to be or may be recorded, shall admit the same to record in his office as to any person whose name is signed thereto, when it shall have been acknowledged by him or proved by two witnesses as to Mm, before such clerk of the comity court.”
Chapter 73. § 7: “Every such writing when admitted to record, shall, with all certificates of acknowledgment, and all plats, schedules and other papers thereto annexed or thereon indorsed, be recorded by, or under the direction of the clerk of the county court, in a well bound book, to be carefully preserved; and there shall be an index to such book as well in the name of the*150 grantee as of the grantor. After being so recorded, such writing may be delivered to tbe party entitled to claim under tbe same.”
Chapter 74, § 5: “Every such contract, every deed conveying any such estate or term, and every deed of gift, or deed of trust or mortgage, conveying real estate or goods and chattels, shall be void as to creditors and subsequent purchasers for valuable consideration without notice, until and except from the time that it is duly admitted to record in the county wherein the property embraced in such contract or deed may be.”
Chapter 76, § 5: “The clerk of the county court shall record and properly index all releases under this chapter, and deeds of release admitted to record in his office, in a well bound book to be kept exclusively for the purpose, and when any release or deed of release is recorded, he shall note the fact on the margin of the record or docket of the lien discharged thereby, with a reference to the book and page where the same is recorded.”
Chapter 73, § 7a. II: “Hereafter all deeds and other writings, except wills, admitted to record in the recorder’s office of any county in this state, sha¿¿ be indexed in said general index in the name of the grantor and grantee. (Acis 1871, c. 91.)”
The contention of defendants is that the instrument here involved was recorded in the book provided by section 5, chapter 76, of the Code, to he kept “exclusively” for the purpose of recording releases and deeds of release; that it was not a release and hence its record in that book could have no effect.
Woodall v. Clark, 254 Fed. 526, 166 C. C. A. 84, was a suit in equity to remove a similar instrument as a cloud on complainant’s title. The appeal was from a decree- dismissing the bill for lack of equity. The bill alleged that the instrument, held to be in effect a quitclaim deed, was recorded by direction of the grantees in a book provided by statute for the recording of releases and deeds of release exclusively; and that the clerk’s certificate on the instrument showed that it was recorded in the wrong book. On the motion to dismiss these allegations were taken as true, and it was decided that the record, under those circumstances, of a quitclaim deed in a book provided exclusively for releases and deeds of release was no record. That decision is not controlling here. There is no evidence in this case that the plaintiffs or their predecessors in title directed the recording; and the clerk certified on the instrument that it had been properly recorded. Furthermore, the plaintiffs on the trial in this case introduced the record book, and the question now before us is whether it is one which section 5, chapter 76, required to be used exclusively for recording releases and deeds of release, or one provided and kept under section 7, chapter 73, for the recording of deeds and other similar instruments.
It could not have been the book required by section 5, chapter 76, to be used exclusively for the record of releases and deeds of release, for the use of this book began in 1867 and that statute was enacted in 1882. It contains the record of a number o'f releases of deeds of trust, but it contains also one record of assignment of notes, one assignment of note and deed of trust, a deed of bargain and sale in 1867, one quitclaim deed in 1872, one release deed of land in 1878, and a deed of conveyance of land in 1890.
The only requirement of section 7, chapter 73, as to the book for recording of deeds, is that it shall be a “well-bound book.” This requirement does not exclude the recording of deeds in the book here
On the question whether, under a statute which requires a deed to be recorded before it can operate as constructive notice, a delivery of the deed to the recording officer for record operates as constructive notice to subsequent creditors and purchasers, although it may not be recorded at all, or recorded in the wrong book, the courts of last resort are in conflict, as, will be seen by reference to the cases collated in 96 Am. St. Rep. 398, 4 Ann. Cas. 561, Ann. Cas. 1913B, 68, and 23 R. C. L. 215. In West Virginia the rule is established that the grantee is protected from the time he delivers the deed to the proper officer for record. Troy Wagon Co. v. Hutton, 53 W. Va. 157, 44 S. E. 135; Virginia Building & Loan Ass’n v. Glenn, 99 Va. 460, 39 S. E. 136.
The defendant Jane Miller contends that this deed could not operate as a severance of the surface and minerals, because this tax title to Samuel Eddy was adjudged to be in fraud of the state, and the purchase price paid by him was adjudged to be nothing more than a redemption. To support this contention she offered the record of the suit of the State of West Virginia against Samuel Eddy and others, which contained a decree adjudging that this sale was made for the taxes of 1883 and 1884 to defraud the state of its taxes for the years 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882, and that the purchase by Eddy was really for the benefit of the owner, and operated only as a redemption of the land from the taxes of 1883 and 1884. The District Judge prop
Co., 63 W. Va. 317, 61 S. E. 307. It is true that a sale of land for taxes will carry both surface and minerals, unless they are separately assessed. Wellman v. Hoge, 66 W. Va. 234, 66 S. E. 357. But the statute of West Virginia requires a separate assessment when there has been a severance; and we have recently held that, where there has been such a severance, the presumption is that the law was complied with and a separate assessment made. Dingess et al. v. Huntington Development & Gas Co., 271 Fed. 864, decided February 15, 1921.
It follows that this tax sale was ineffectual to convey the title to the minerals. We can find no error.
Affirmed.