Case Information

*1 Before: VANASKIE, RENDELL and FISHER, Circuit Judges .

(Filed: October 25, 2017) ____________

OPINION ^[*]

____________ *2

FISHER, Circuit Judge .

Appellee Miguel Perez filed a complaint against Appellants Camden Municipal Court and the City of Camden (collectively “Camden”) alleging violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (“NJLAD”). Camden filed a motion for summary judgment; Perez filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment. The District Court granted Perez partial summary judgment on liability under the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and the NJLAD. It granted Camden summary judgment on the injunctive relief Perez requested, but denied Camden summary judgment as to damages. It did not consider judicial immunity, which Camden raised, to be applicable because no judicial officer was named as a defendant.

Camden appeals, arguing that the District Court erred with regard to both judicial immunity and the grant of partial summary judgment to Perez. For the reasons that follow, we dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

Perez is profoundly deaf, and he communicates through American Sign Language (“ASL”). Perez was convicted of driving under the influence and sentenced to complete a drivers’ education course. He did not complete the course and was summoned to Camden *3 Municipal Court. Several weeks in advance of his court date, he advised the Municipal Court that he required an ASL interpreter. Over the course of the next year, Perez appeared at the Municipal Court eight times in connection with his DUI sentence. Only once did the court provide an ASL interpreter. Perez filed a complaint, asserting that Camden’s failure to provide reasonable accommodations for his disability violated his rights under the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and the NJLAD.

II.

Before reaching the merits, we consider whether we have jurisdiction over this appeal. We have jurisdiction over appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of the United States. ^[4] A decision is final when it “ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” ^[5] An order that “resolv[es] liability without addressing a plaintiff’s requests for relief is not final.” Here, as both parties recognize, the decision did not resolve all claims and did not end the litigation, and therefore is not a final decision.

Camden argues that this Court nevertheless has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and the collateral order doctrine established in Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp . To be immediately appealable as a collateral order, a district court decision must: *4 (1) be conclusive as to the disputed question; (2) “resolve important questions completely separate from the merits”; and (3) “render such important questions effectively unreviewable on appeal from final judgment in the underlying action.” ^[8] The third element requires a “judgment about the value of the interests that would be lost through rigorous application of a final judgment requirement.” ^[9] The denial of a “substantial claim of absolute immunity” can be appealed before final judgement. ^[10] Judicial immunity, which Camden raised here, protects judicial officers from personal liability for judicial acts, so long as they are not taken in the clear absence of all jurisdiction. ^[11]

The District Court’s statement that judicial immunity only bars suit against a judicial officer is not an appealable collateral order. Just as municipalities cannot assert qualified immunity defenses as a means of gaining review of adverse denials of summary judgment, neither can Camden assert a judicial immunity defense to appeal this District Court decision under the collateral order doctrine. ^[12] Without a judicial officer making the claim, there is no “substantial claim of absolute immunity.” ^[13]

Judicial immunity protects the judicial officer so that “in exercising the authority vested in him, [he] shall be free to act upon his own convictions without apprehension of *5 personal consequences to himself.” This important interest in shielding individual officials from litigation satisfies the third prong of the Cohen test and allows judicial officers to appeal denials of judicial immunity. Here, no judicial officer has been denied immunity. The District Court’s decision not to apply judicial immunity to municipal entities does not implicate sufficiently important interests to satisfy the third prong of Cohen . For these reasons, the District Court’s statement that judicial immunity only bars suit against a judicial officer is not reviewable under the collateral order doctrine. III.

Because we lack jurisdiction, we dismiss this appeal.

[*] This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent.

[1] 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.

[2] 29 U.S.C. § 794.

[3] N.J. Stat. Ann. 10:5-1 et seq.

[4] 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

[5] Riley v. Kennedy , 553 U.S. 406, 419 (2008) (quoting Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233 (1945)).

[6] Id . at 419.

[7] 337 U.S. 541, 546 (1949).

[8] Dig. Equip. Corp. v. Desktop Direct, Inc. , 511 U.S. 863, 867 (1994).

[9] Id. at 878-79.

[10] Mitchell v. Forsyth , 472 U.S. 511, 525 (1985).

[11] Stump v. Sparkman , 435 U.S. 349, 356-57, 60 (1978).

[12] See Brown v. Grabowski , 922 F.2d 1097, 1105 (3d Cir. 1990).

[13] Mitchell , 472 U.S. at 525.

[14] Bradley v. Fisher , 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 335, 347 (1872).

[15] Mitchell , 472 U.S. at 525 (“the denial of a substantial claim of absolute immunity is an order appealable before final judgment”); Venen v. Sweet , 758 F.2d 117, 121-22 (3d Cir. 1985) (holding that a denial of a motion to dismiss on the issue of judicial immunity is appealable under the collateral order doctrine).