176 N.E. 665 | Ohio Ct. App. | 1930
The parties appear here in an order the reverse of that held in the trial court, where defendant in error was plaintiff and plaintiff in error was defendant.
Defendant in error, William J. Renkel, brought suit against the Midwest Properties Company, under a 99-year lease, wherein he was named lessor and plaintiff in error was named lessee, for the ground rent incurred under said lease, which had *505 not been paid by the plaintiff in error in accordance with the provisions of said lease.
Subsequent to the filing of this action, plaintiff in error tendered the installment of rent due on November 1, 1929, with interest thereon at the rate of eight per cent. to the date of tender, as well as the court costs incurred in the action, and upon refusal of defendant in error to accept this tender the above amounts were paid into court by plaintiff in error. Thereafter, plaintiff in error filed a motion to show cause why the petition of defendant in error should not be dismissed, and later the action was advanced for trial on the merits and was heard in the common pleas court.
The sole question presented to the court was: Does the clause of the lease providing for the payment by the lessee of attorney fees incurred and paid by the lessor in enforcing the covenants of a lease to pay rent create an enforceable obligation on the part of the lessee to pay lessor the reasonable attorney fees paid by such lessor?
The trial court ruled that such a provision is a valid provision which can be properly enforced, and accordingly allowed $100 as attorney fees incurred by the lessor in enforcing the covenants and agreements of the lease. Error proceedings are prosecuted from this decision of the common pleas court.
The exact wording of the provision in the lease, which was the basis of the allowance of $100 as attorney fees, in addition to interest on the installment of rent due and unpaid, is as follows: "(j). In case the lessor, without fault on his part, be made a party to any litigation commenced by or against the lessee, then the lessee shall and will pay all *506 costs, reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses incurred by or imposed on the lessor by or in connection with such litigation. The lessee will also pay all costs, reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses which may be incurred or paid by the lessor in enforcing the covenants and agreements of this lease, and all such costs and attorneys' fees, if paid by the lessor, upon the failure of the lessee so to do, shall be so much additional rent due on the next rent day after such payment or payments, together with interest at eight (8) per cent. per annum, from the date of payment, and shall be collected as any other rent specifically reserved herein."
For the purpose of this review, we may take it as conceded that the amount allowed as attorney fees was reasonable. It is the contention of plaintiff in error that the said provision for the payment of attorney fees, in addition to payment of interest on installments of rent which remain unpaid, is invalid in law for the following reasons:
1. Because such a payment, in addition to interest at the rate of eight per cent., is regarded as usurious and void under the Ohio statute, and the decisions.
2. Such payment is in the nature of a penalty levied against the lessee because of his failure to pay the rental obligation on the day when it becomes due, and is therefore unenforceable.
3. That such provision is against public policy, in that it encourages litigation.
In support of the first contention that the provision is in the nature of an evasion of the usury statute, we are referred first to Section 8303, General Code: "The parties to a bond, bill, promissory *507 note, or other instrument of writing for the forbearance or payment of money at any future time, may stipulate therein for the payment of interest upon the amount thereof at any rate not exceeding eight per cent. per annum, payable annually."
It is urged that a lease containing a covenant by the lessee to pay rent at a future time, and stipulating therein for the payment of interest, is an instrument of writing which comes within the contemplation of the statute.
Various reported cases decided by the Ohio Supreme Court are cited which indicate that the courts jealously guarded the protection sought to be afforded to debtors by the General Code. The attempts of creditors at various times and by various means to circumvent the usury statute have almost invariably been defeated by the courts.
In the case of State, ex rel. Fund Commrs. of Muskingum County,
v. Taylor,
In Miller et al., Exrs., v. Kyle,
Counsel for defendant in error, while recognizing the force of the cases above cited, contend that the rule laid down in Miller v. Kyle, supra, is limited to cases of promissory notes which contain provisions for reasonable or percentage attorney fees, and that the rule enunciated by the Supreme Court is strictly limited to cases of negotiable instruments where money has been loaned.
It is also pointed out by counsel for defendant in error that the plaintiff in error being a corporation is not in a position to raise the question of usury, because Section 8623-78, General Code, provides: "The limitations of Section 8303 of the General Code shall not apply to any corporate obligation for the payment of money maturing or payable, in whole or in part one year or more after the date thereof, and no corporation, wherever organized, nor anyone in its behalf, shall interpose the defense or make the claim of usury in any suit, action or proceeding upon or with reference to any such obligation."
It is contended by defendant in error that the language of Section 8303, which is the section dealing with the legal rate of interest which may be charged in Ohio, may be reasonably construed to *509 be limited to parties to an instrument in writing for the payment of money at a future time, that is to an instrument which deals with no other subject than the payment of money at a future time; that a leasehold instrument which is not limited to the one subject only, namely, the payment of money at a future time, but contains a variety of mutual obligations agreed to and covenanted by the respective parties thereto, does not come within the purview of the usury statute.
When one considers the primary purpose of Section 8303, which fixes the maximum rate of interest which parties may stipulate in certain instruments, it is quite clear that the Legislature intended to guard embarrassed debtors against the greed and rapacity of harsh creditors. The need for such protection of debtors seems to us apparent in all cases where the relation of debtor and creditor is formed, whether it be by means of a bond, bill, promissory note, or other instrument of writing for the payment of money at any future time.
The argument presented by defendant in error, that the rule found in the adjudicated cases against the enforceability of a provision to pay attorney fees, in addition to the legal rate of interest, is limited to cases of negotiable instruments where money has been loaned, would seem very plausible were it not for the language of Section 8303, which is "the parties to a bond, bill, promissory note, or other instrument of writing for the * * * payment of money at any future time * * *."
The section specifies promissory notes and bills of exchange. If it were true that the phrase "or other instrument of writing for the * * * payment *510 of money at any future time" is limited to negotiable instruments only, there would have been no need for specifying bills and promissory notes, which are, of course, embraced in the term "negotiable instruments." We are inclined to hold that any instrument in writing which contains an obligation to pay money at any future time is subject to the limitation of the section that the rate of interest to be stipulated shall not exceed eight per cent. per annum.
It would therefore follow that the rule enunciated by our Supreme Court in the various cases cited, against the enforceability of a provision for the payment of attorney fees in addition to the legal rate of interest, is applicable to a case such as the case at bar, and is not limited to negotiable instruments only. The argument that by virtue of Section 8623-78, above cited, the plaintiff in error, which is a corporation, is not in a position to raise the question of usury, would seem sound were it not for the limitation found in the language of said section in the following words, "shall not apply to any corporate obligation for the payment of money maturing or payable, in whole or in part one year or more after the date thereof." The lease provides for the quarterly payment of rent, and it would seem to us that it is an obligation which matures in less than one year and that therefore the plaintiff, though a corporation, may claim the benefit and protection of the usury statute.
In considering the second point made by plaintiff in error, namely, that this provision which is the basis of recovery of attorney fees in addition to the maximum rate of interest is in the nature of a *511 penalty, we must not lose sight of the purpose it seeks to accomplish. The leasehold instrument provides for mutual obligations of the contracting parties. The principal obligation of the lessee is to pay rent when the same falls due. When the lessee breaches his obligation to pay rent as provided in the lease, the lessor has the option to declare a forfeiture of the lease and sue for a breach of contract or to sue for each installment of rent as the same falls due. The failure to pay rent as the same falls due is unquestionably a breach of contract on the part of the lessee. The law attaches certain consequences to every breach of contract. The consequence attached by law to the breach of an obligation to pay money is invariably the payment of interest in addition to the principal sum which fell due. "Interest is the almost universal measure of damages for mere delay of payment." Sutherland on Damages (4th Ed.), Section 286.
If the lease contained no provision whatsoever as to the consequences to follow the breach of the obligation on the part of the lessee to pay rent, the law would, nevertheless, attach the well-recognized consequences, namely, the payment of interest in addition to the principal sum due. When the parties seek to prescribe consequences other than those which the law attaches to such a breach, and which are not in proportion to the actual damage suffered on account of it, such provision is usually viewed in the nature of a penalty and held to be unenforceable. It is only in cases where the damages in the event of a breach are uncertain, and will apparently be difficult of ascertainment, that the parties may *512 by agreement fix in advance the amount of damages for the breach of contract.
The contention of defendant in error that the provision for the payment of attorney fees contained in the lease is in the nature of a principal obligation, and that it should be viewed as an increased rental on the happening of a certain event, is not, in our opinion, well taken. The provision definitely deals with the consequences which attach to the breach on the part of a lessee of his obligation to pay rent when due. In other words, it seeks to establish a measure of damages other than that which the law provides.
There is no uncertainty about the damage suffered by the lessor on account of the breach. It is not a matter concerning which courts or juries would be required to speculate. The legal rate of interest, by universal sanction, is made the measure of damages in all cases of a breach of an obligation to pay money when due. This attempt on the part of the parties to this lease to depart from the well-recognized measure of damages, which is the consequence prescribed by law for any such breach of a contract, cannot be upheld on the theory that it is a provision for liquidated damages.
We hold that unless the provision prescribing the consequences of a breach of contract and specifying a measure of damages other than that which the law would apply can be justified on the theory of liquidated damages, it is unenforceable, because it would be regarded as a penalty only.
It may be observed that even though this provision found in the lease — wherein the parties attempted to prescribe their own measure of damages *513 and called for the payment of attorney fees in addition to a payment of interest, which is the measure of damages recognized by law — were regarded in the nature of a provision for liquidated damages, there is a very serious flaw apparent therein. No adjudicated case can we find wherein a provision was viewed as one for liquidated damages, even in proper cases, where the amount of damages was not specified in dollars and cents.
The theory of courts in sustaining provisions for liquidated damages was to enable the parties to fix the amount of damages in all cases where the damages, in the event of breach, were uncertain and difficult of ascertainment; that rather than leave the matter of awarding damages to the mere speculation and guess of courts and juries, the parties were permitted to stipulate in advance in all such cases.
In the case at bar the provision calls for reasonable attorney fees, without specifying the amount. It again leaves in an uncertain state the amount that courts and juries will regard as reasonable attorney fees. This provision cannot be regarded as one of liquidated damages, because the amount is left uncertain, and still calls for future action by courts and juries to determine what, in their opinion, are reasonable attorney fees.
We are not in accord with the argument of counsel for defendant in error that this provision is in the nature of an increased rental on the happening of certain events, because the clear language of the provision shows that it prescribes what shall be the consequences to the lessee for his breach of the obligation to pay rent when due. It deals with the measure of damages attaching to such breach. Since *514 it cannot be regarded as a provision for liquidated damages, and since counsel depart from the measure of damages which the law so clearly attaches to such a breach, the provision can be regarded in no other light than as being in the nature of a penalty, and therefore unenforceable.
There is much strength in the last point made by counsel for plaintiff in error that if such provision for the payment of attorney fees were enforceable it would encourage creditors to institute litigation hastily, and that therefore the same is against public policy.
In Jeremiah Shelton v. Joseph Gill,
The various arguments presented by plaintiff in error are clearly expressed in the case of Raleigh County Bank v. Poteet,
"Having specified what may be recovered, whether the common law would have permitted more or not, by its prescription of rules, the Legislature has impliedly negatived any supposed right to obtain anything in addition thereto. The detriment to the payee or holder, resulting from default in payment, is compensated as fully as the Legislature intended it to be, by the costs and fees prescribed by the statute, wherefore there can be *515 no consideration for the promise, even in the sense of detriment.
"Viewed as a contract of indemnity, the stipulation fails on the same principle. It is indemnity against what a debtor, unable or unwilling to pay, has a legal right to do, avail himself of the delay in payment, accorded him by law, subjecting himself to the incidental punishment inflicted in the form of costs and fees prescribed, and recoverable. This legal, though not moral, right in the debtor precludes the existence of any consideration for the contract as one of indemnity, and the agreement amounts to no more than one to bear the burden imposed by law upon the person in whose favor it is made, an agreement to give something for nothing. For reasons of public policy, the Legislature has, in effect, declared that the lender or creditor shall take the risk of expense of collection in excess of the allowance it has made by way of indemnity or reimbursement. It has not left the matter in the hands of the parties to be provided for by agreement. It has acted upon the subject itself and declared its will, for the same reason that impelled it to act upon the subject of interest, to the end there should be no open door to oppression and undue advantages, attended by constant temptation to money lenders, to violate the law against usury, and, on the part of collectors, to encourage litigation and inflict unnecessary costs and expenses amounting, in an economic sense, to waste and loss. It would encourage the employment of collectors and attorneys and be an inducement to attorneys to seek claims for collection and institute actions unnecessarily." *516
For the reasons set forth above the judgment of the common pleas court is ordered modified so as to disallow attorney fees.
Judgment modified.
VICKERY, P.J., and WEYGANDT, J., concur.
