*1 Before: CLAY and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; REEVES, District Judge. [*]
_________________
COUNSEL ARGUED: Jeffrey A. Crossman, BENESCH, FRIEDLANDER, COPLAN & ARONOFF, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Jonathon M. Yarger, CHERNETT, WASSERMAN, YARGER & PASTERNAK, Cleveland, Ohio, Wallace W. Walker, Jr., WALLACE, WALKER & COMPANY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Jeffrey A. Crossman, Mark A. Phillips, BENESCH, FRIEDLANDER, COPLAN & ARONOFF, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Jonathon M. Yarger, CHERNETT, WASSERMAN, YARGER & PASTERNAK, Cleveland, Ohio, Wallace W. Walker, Jr., WALLACE, WALKER & COMPANY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
_________________
OPINION _________________ CLAY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff John R. Mickowski obtained a multi-million dollar patent infringement judgment against Visi-Trak Corporation (“VTC”), which subsequently declared bankruptcy and sought reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. After the bankruptcy court confirmed a reorganization plan for VTC, thereby discharging VTC’s liability for the unpaid patent judgment, Defendant Visi-Trak Worldwide, LLC purchased substantially all of VTC’s remaining assets. Subsequent to the sale, the operating trustee for VTC successfully moved the bankruptcy court to revoke the reorganization plan. Assuming that the bankruptcy court’s * The Honorable Danny C. Reeves, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky, sitting by designation.
1
revocation of the reorganization plan also revoked the confirmation order, Mickowski filed suit in the Northern District of Ohio, seeking to hold Visi-Trak Worldwide liable for the unpaid patent judgment against VTC. Mickowski now appeals the June 7, 2004 order of the district court, denying his motion for summary judgment and granting summary judgment for Visi-Trak Worldwide on the grounds that Visi-Trak Worldwide purchased VTC’s assets free and clear of any claim for the unpaid patent judgment and, in any event, Visi-Trak cannot be held liable as VTC’s successor under Ohio law. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
I
BACKGROUND VTC is an Ohio corporation that was formed on December 5, 1988. In 1994, John Mickowski, a resident of New York, filed an action in the Southern District of New York against VTC for direct, contributory and induced patent infringement on patents he owned. In 1999, Mickowski filed suit in the Northern District of Ohio against three of VTC’s officers, John R. Vann, John T. Branden, and Ying Shen. On March 5, 1999, the court in the Southern District of New York entered judgment in favor of Mickowski against VTC in the amount of $5,998,637 for trebled damages and prejudgment interest on Mickowski’s claim that VTC willfully induced infringement of the patents in the suit. On June 5, 1999, before Mickowski could execute the patent judgment against VTC, VTC voluntarily petitioned for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Ohio. On March 14, 2000, VTC filed a proposed plan of reorganization, which proposed the sale of VTC’s stock for $500,000.
Mickowski, a creditor of VTC by virtue of the patent judgment, and Visi-Trak Acquisition Group (“VTAC”), filed a competing plan of reorganization on June 30, 2000, pursuant to which VTAC proposed purchasing VTC’s stock for $1,027,000. In response, VTC filed an amended plan of reorganization, offering to pay $1.1 million for the stock of a reorganized VTC. On September 1, 2000, VTAC and Mickowski submitted an amended plan, increasing its bid to $2,000,000. They submitted a revised amended plan of reorganization on October 2, 2000.
The bankruptcy court issued an order permitting VTAC to conduct due diligence at VTC’s headquarters on November 10, 2000. Upon the arrival of VTAC personnel at VTC’s site, VTC’s management group (consisting of Jack Vann, Tom Vann, Ying Shen, and Jack Branden) resigned. On November 19, 2000, Mary Ann Rabin was appointed Chapter 11 Operating Trustee for VTC. Believing that VTC’s management group had damaged the ongoing business by resigning, the operating trustee of VTC and Mickowski filed suit against the management group for breach of fiduciary duty. That matter settled in March 2001.
After months of difficult negotiations and discussions, VTC confessed that it was unwilling or unable to litigate to determine which of the two plans would survive the confirmation process. At the behest of trade creditors, the parties met to determine whether it was more appropriate to sell VTC’s assets pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 363 (providing that the bankruptcy trustee may use, sell, or lease property of the estate). At that meeting, VTAC offered $2.2 million for the assets, and expressed its desire to present that deal through a plan of reorganization. Discussions regarding the § 363 asset sale ceased, and the creditors elected to support the VTAC plan.
Mickowski and VTAC presented a second amended plan of reorganization on January 9, 2001. The plan stated that its effective date would be February 28, 2001, provided that: (1) the bankruptcy court would have confirmed the plan at least 11 days prior to that date; (2) no stay of the confirmation order would be in effect; (3) the confirmation order would not have been vacated; (4) and all “conditions to the Effective Date, as set forth … in Section IX.A. of the Plan, [would] have been satisfied or waived.” Article IX sets forth numerous conditions to the effective date of the plan, including the bankruptcy court entering the confirmation order, approving the plan; there having *3 been no material adverse change after September 30, 2000 in the financial condition of VTC which would make it improbable that VTC “could continue operations at historical sales, gross margin and operating income levels or meet its financial obligations” on a going forward basis; and VTAC having had the opportunity to audit VTC’s financial records. The plan further provided that if each condition to the effective date were not timely satisfied or waived, then the proponents of the plan (VTAC or Mickowski) could move the bankruptcy court to vacate the confirmation order, whereupon the plan would be deemed null and void in all respects, including with respect to the release, disallowance, or extinguishment of any claims by or against VTC.
On January 25, 2001, after holding a confirmation hearing, the bankruptcy court held that the conditions to the effective date contained in Article IX of the plan were appropriate in light of the uncertainties of VTC’s financial condition. The court ordered that, “[e]xcept as expressly otherwise provided in [its] Order or the Plan, on the Effective Date all property and assets of the Debtor’s [VTC’s] estate shall vest, free and clear of all Claims, interests and encumbrances, in the Reorganized Debtor, subject only to the provisions of the Plan.” The court further ordered that, except as provided in the plan, entry of the court’s order discharged VTC from any debt that arose before the date of the confirmation order. The bankruptcy court entered the confirmation order on February 9, 2001.
On April 3, 2001, VTC’s operating trustee filed an emergency motion pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 363, seeking the bankruptcy court’s approval for the private sale of certain assets of VTC free and clear of liens. The trustee’s motion sought approval to sell certain of VTC’s assets through a private sale to VTC Holdings, LLC, a company organized by Kathy Vann in September 2000 for the purpose of filing a plan of reorganization for VTC; VTC Holdings subsequently changed its name to Visi-Trak Worldwide. The trustee argued that VTAC was refusing to purchase VTC’s assets on the ground that there had been a material adverse change in VTC’s business since the plan was confirmed. The trustee stated that she ceased VTC’s operations on March 30, 2001 because it had become too costly to operate and was undertaking to sell VTC’s assets as quickly as possible.
Mickowski filed two objections to the trustee’s emergency motion. Mickowski argued that the purported emergency that prompted the trustee’s desire for a sale was the product of collusion amongst certain employees of VTC to discourage customers from placing sales orders. Mickowski also argued that the trustee had failed to submit an appraisal to establish the fair and reasonable value of the assets being sold.
The court rejected the proposed private sale of VTC’s assets and ordered the trustee to hold a public auction, where the assets were to be sold “as is” and “where is.” An auction was held on May 18, 2001, and VTC Holdings (a/k/a Visi-Trak Worldwide) was the winning bidder of VTC’s accounts receivable, inventory, and equipment. The bankruptcy court confirmed the sale of assets to VTC Holdings on May 18, 2001. On September 5, 2001, VTC’s bankruptcy proceedings were converted to liquidation proceedings pursuant to Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code.
When Visi-Trak Worldwide commenced business, each of its officers and key employees were former employees of VTC, and each was hired to perform the same tasks that they previously had performed at VTC. Visi-Trak Worldwide’s website also indicated that it was the same company as VTC, just at a new location.
On June 20, 2001, VTC’s operating trustee moved to vacate the bankruptcy court’s order confirming the second amended plan of reorganization. The trustee argued that the conditions for confirmation of the plan had not been fulfilled and that the plan could not be consummated. Based on the trustee’s representation that all necessary parties had been served with the motion, the bankruptcy court ordered on August 2, 2001 that “[t]he Second Amended Chapter 11 Plan of John *4 R. Mickowski and VT Acquisition Corp. is hereby vacated.” Visi-Trak Worldwide was never served with the motion to vacate nor with notice of the court’s order granting the motion.
On February 1, 2002, Mickowski filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. Mickowski’s complaint sought a declaratory judgment that Visi-Trak Worldwide is liable for Mickowski’s patent judgment against VTC on the ground that Visi-Trak Worldwide is the successor to and a mere continuation of VTC. Mickowski also alleged that the formation of Visi-Trak Worldwide, the abandonment of VTC by its officers and directors, and Visi- Trak Worldwide’s subsequent purchase of VTC’s assets amounted to a fraud upon Mickowski.
On June 7, 2004, the court denied Mickowski’s motion for summary judgment and granted summary judgment for Visi-Trak Worldwide. The court concluded that at the time Visi-Trak Worldwide purchased VTC’s assets in bankruptcy, it was not subject to a claim of successor liability because the bankruptcy court had discharged VTC’s liability on the patent infringement judgment by its order confirming the second amended plan of reorganization. Although the bankruptcy court subsequently vacated its order confirming that plan of reorganization, the court held, as a matter of public policy, that successor liability should not attach retroactively. The court found in the alternative that state law applies to Mickowski’s successor liability claim and that Mickowski’s claim fails as a matter of Ohio law. Mickowski timely appealed.
II
VISI-TRAK WORLDWIDE’S ABILITY TO RELY ON VTC’S DISCHARGE IN BANKRUPTCY
A. Standard of Review
A district court’s allowance of an affirmative defense that purportedly was not raised in a
timely manner is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
Williams v. Lampe
,
B. Analysis
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require a party to plead the affirmative defense of
“discharge in bankruptcy.” F ED . R. C IV . P. 8(c). The purpose of Rule 8(c) is to give the opposing
party notice of the defense and a chance to argue, if he or she can, why the defense lacks merit.
Blonder-Tongue Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Illinois Found.
,
We disagree. Visi-Trak Worldwide’s answer clearly put Mickowski on notice that it would be relying on the bankruptcy rulings to foreclose Mickowsi’s claims. Visi-Trak Worldwide’s answer states:
Mickowski’s claims are preempted by and/or Mickowski is precluded from pursuing his claim by, the Bankruptcy Code and the law regarding bankruptcy generally and bankruptcy sales specifically, including, without limitation by reason of specification, the Proceedings in In re Visi-Trak Corporation , U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Northern District of Ohio Case No. 99-14624-rb, including without limitation (a) the proceedings in the Bankruptcy Court pertaining to the Emergency Motion by Operating Trustee Mary Ann Rabin Pursuant to Section 363 of the Bankruptcy Code to Sell Certain Assets Free and Clear of Liens and Approving Certain Buyer’s Protections Including a Break-Up Fee, filed April 3, 2001; (b) the effect of the *5 purchase by VTW, then known as VTC Holdings, LLC, of virtually all of VTC’s assets at public auction conducted pursuant to 11 U.S.C. 363; and (c) the effect of the Bankruptcy Court orders (i) ordering and (ii) approving and confirming such sale, dated April 23, 2001, and May 18, 2001, respectively. Although the affirmative defense does not specifically invoke the phrase “discharge in bankruptcy” contained in Rule 8(c), it clearly notified Mickowski that Visi-Trak Worldwide would be defending against any attempt by Mickowski to enforce the patent judgment by relying on the prior bankruptcy proceedings and related orders, including the confirmation order discharging any claim for the patent judgment. Accordingly, Mickowski’s argument that Visi-Trak Worldwide waived its affirmative defense and that he was somehow prejudiced lacks merit. The district court did not abuse its discretion in permitting Visi-Trak Worldwide to raise this defense.
III
SUMMARY JUDGMENT FOR VISI-TRAK WORLDWIDE BASED ON VTC’S DISCHARGE IN BANKRUPTCY
A. Standard of Review
This Court reviews
de novo
a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment.
Cockrel
v. Shelby County Sch. Dist
.,
B. Analysis
Mickowski argues that the bankruptcy court’s February 9, 2001 order, which confirmed
VTC’s plan of reorganization and discharged VTC from any debt that arose before that date, was
completely vacated by the bankruptcy court on August 2, 2001 and therefore no longer has any legal
effect. Mickowski further argues that there is no evidence that Visi-Trak Worldwide relied on the
February 9, 2001 order when it purchased most of VTC’s remaining assets at the May 18, 2001
public auction. Mickowski argues that Visi-Trak Worldwide knew, at the time of the auction, that
the reorganization plan upon which the February 9, 2001 confirmation order was based was not
going to become effective; if the plan was going to become effective, then the public auction of
VTC’s assets would have been unnecessary. According to Mickowski, Visi-Trak Worldwide
purchased VTC’s assets free and clear of secured liens only and, therefore, his unsecured claim
based on the unpaid patent judgment survived the asset sale.
See
11 U.S.C. § 363(f);
In re White
Mot. Credit Corp.
,
Critical to Mickowski’s argument is the assertion that the confirmation order is no longer in force or effect. The revocation of any confirmation order is governed by 11 U.S.C. § 1144, which provides:
On request of a party in interest at any time before 180 days after the date of the entry of the order of confirmation, and after notice and a hearing, the court may revoke such order if and only if such order was procured by fraud. An order under this section revoking an order of confirmation shall – *6 (1) contain such provisions as are necessary to protect any entity acquiring rights in good faith reliance on the order of confirmation; and (2) revoke the discharge of the debtor.
Visi-Trak argues that the bankruptcy court’s August 2, 2001 order, by its own terms, did not revoke the confirmation order and, in any event, did not comport with the procedural requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 1144. We agree for the reasons stated below.
First, although the August 2, 2001 order is captioned “ORDER TO VACATE ORDER CONFIRMING PLAN OF REORGANIZATION,” the operative language of the order vacates only the second amended plan of reorganization, not the confirmation order. See J.A. 923 (“The Second Amended Chapter 11 Plan of John R. Mickowski and VT Acquisition Corp. is hereby vacated.”).
Second, proving the point that the order vacated only the reorganization plan and not the confirmation order, the bankruptcy court did not comply in this case with any of the formalities necessary to revoke a bankruptcy discharge or confirmation order. First, the bankruptcy court failed to comply with the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. Rules 7001(4) and (5) provide that a proceeding to revoke a bankruptcy discharge or to revoke a confirmation order is an “adversary proceeding.” An adversary proceeding in bankruptcy is commenced like any other new civil action – by filing a complaint with the bankruptcy court and serving process on the named parties. F ED . R. B ANKR . P. 7003 (adopting F ED . R. C IV . P. 3); F ED . R. B ANKR . P. 7004. Here, however, the August 2, 2001 order was not the product of an adversary proceeding. Rather, the operating trustee for VTC merely filed a motion after the May 18, 2001 asset sale to Visi-Trak Worldwide.
Third, Rule 4006 provides that if an order is entered denying or revoking a discharge, the clerk must promptly give notice to all creditors. F ED . R. B ANKR . P. 4006; see also F ED . R. B ANKR . P. 2002(f)(6). The trustee’s motion to vacate the confirmation order, however, was not served on all creditors, nor on Visi-Trak Worldwide.
Fourth, 11 U.S.C. § 1144 permitted the bankruptcy court to vacate the confirmation order only upon a finding that the order was procured by fraud. The August 2, 2001 order does not refer to fraud at all.
Finally, although the reorganization plan explicitly provides that if each condition to the effective date were not timely satisfied or waived, then “the Proponents” of the plan – i.e., VTAC or Mickowski – could move the bankruptcy court to vacate the confirmation order, it was not VTAC or Mickowski who made the motion but rather VTC’s operating trustee.
Because the bankruptcy court did not follow any of the Bankruptcy Code’s procedures required when a litigant seeks to vacate a confirmation order, the order remains in effect at least as to Visi-Trak Worldwide. The fact that the reorganization plan was never consummated does not undermine the continuing viability of the confirmation order as to Visi-Trak Worldwide’s purchase of VTC’s assets. The result is that, assuming that Visi-Trak Worldwide is VTC’s successor, Visi- Trak Worldwide may invoke the complete discharge of Mickowski’s patent judgment claim that was in effect at the time it purchased VTC’s assets. Summary judgment was proper for Visi-Trak Worldwide on this ground alone.
IV
POTENTIAL SUCCESSOR LIABILITY OF VISI-TRAK WORLDWIDE
A. Standard of Review
This Court reviews de novo a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment. Cockrel , supra .
B. Analysis
Even assuming,
arguendo
, that Mickowski’s patent judgment against VTC was revived on
August 2, 2001, when the bankruptcy court purportedly vacated the confirmation order, we hold in
the alternative that Visi-Trak Worldwide cannot be held liable for that judgment as a successor to
VTC. Mickowski argues that, under federal common law, he needs to show only that Visi-Trak
Worldwide had notice of Mickowski’s claim against its predecessor (VTC) and that there was
“substantial continuity” in the operation of the business before and after the sale.
See, e.g.
,
EEOC.
v. G-K-G, Inc.
,
Visi-Trak Worldwide counters that the “substantial continuity” test is not part of the federal
common law and that, in any event, the “mere continuation” test for successor liability under Ohio
common law governs.
See Welco Indus., Inc. v. Applied Cos.
,
Because Ohio law of successor liability arguably is more favorable to Visi-Trak Worldwide than the relaxed standard under federal common law, the application of federal or state common law *8 could determine whether the district court appropriately granted summary judgment for Visi-Trak Worldwide. For the reasons discussed below, we hold that the district court properly held that Ohio law applies the relevant standard of successor liability and that the court correctly held that Visi- Trak Worldwide is not VTC’s successor as a matter of Ohio law.
Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution prescribes that Congress shall act “to promote
the program of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times for authors and inventors the
exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.” U.S. C ONST . Art. I, § 8. The objective
of the clause “was clearly to facilitate the granting of rights national in scope.”
Goldstein v.
California
,
Mickowski also cites cases in which courts have applied federal common law to the issue
of successor liability.
See Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs v. Springfield Terminal R. Co.
,
To determine whether the standards for successor liability for a patent judgment derive from
federal or state common law, this Court must apply the Supreme Court’s decision in
Atherton v. Fed.
Deposit Ins. Corp.
,
With respect to the facts before it, the Court noted that Congress had passed numerous pieces of legislation concerning the formation, operation, and activities of federally-chartered banks, which are distinct from savings associations. Id. at 219. Congress also had enacted legislation concerning federally-chartered savings associations. Id. None of this legislation, however, even purported to set forth standards for corporate governance of savings associations. Id. Thus, the remaining *9 question for the Court was whether “the application of state-law standards of care to such banks would conflict with, and thereby significantly threaten, a federal policy or interest.” Id. If so, then it would be appropriate to create federal common law on the issue (assuming that no federal statute controlled the issue).
The Court found that there was no such conflict between state law standards and a federal policy or interest. Id. The Court rejected the FDIC’s argument about the need for uniformity, which purportedly would occur if federal common law supplanted state standards of fiduciary responsibility. Id. at 219-20. “To invoke the concept of uniformity… is not to prove its need,” remarked the Court. Id. at 220 (internal punctuation and citations omitted). In fact, there was no need for uniformity because the nation’s banking system had thrived despite disparities in matters of corporate governance. Id. The Court also held that the mere fact that savings associations in the case were federally-chartered did not in itself justify the application of federal common law. Id. at 221. The Court observed that numerous state laws ( e.g. , contract law, employment discrimination laws) apply to federally-chartered banks. Id. at 222-23. In the end, the Court found no significant conflict with, or threat to, a federal interest. Id. at 225. The Court therefore held that the case before it did not represent one of the few and restricted instances in which a federal court can create federal common law. Id. [1]
Attempting to distinguish
Atherton
, Mickowski argues that federal common law applies to
a determination of successor liability because there is a conflict between state and federal law
standards; and that the federal law standard is more encompassing than its Ohio common law
counterpart. But the mere fact that the “substantial continuity” test of federal common law is more
encompassing than the “mere continuation” test of state common law does not demonstrate a
“significant conflict between some federal policy or interest and the use of state law.”
Atherton
, 519
U.S. at 218 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Mickowski has failed to show that there
is a federal policy or interest in extending the substantial continuity test to the patent judgment
enforcement context; to date, that test has largely been limited to the “few and restricted” areas of
labor and employment law and pension benefits, where the need for a uniform, broader rule of
successor liability is more apparent.
See Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs
,
An asserted need for absolute uniformity in the collection of patent judgments, without more, is insufficient in itself to justify resort to federal common law. Mickowski has failed to demonstrate 1 The Court went on to hold that a federal statute that authorizes a civil action against bank officers for gross negligence did not supplant state laws that impose stricter fiduciary obligations on bank officers. Id. at 227. 2 Notably, even in the realm of labor law, this Circuit has rejected the “substantial continuity” test, requiring the alleged successor to be the “alter ego” of the predecessor corporation or to have voluntarily assumed the obligations under the collective bargaining agreement. Southward v. S. Cent. Ready Mix Supply Corp. , 7 F.3d 487, 493 (6th Cir. 1993).
that the failure to adopt a uniform federal standard for successor liability will somehow inhibit patent
rights generally.
[3]
Nor has Mickowski presented evidence that patent rights have failed to thrive
despite the existence of more restrictive and/or varying state law standards for successor liability.
There certainly is no reason to think that the state of Ohio will become a haven for companies
seeking to avoid their obligations to pay patent judgments or, for that matter, any other type of
unpaid judgment.
Cf. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Brown & Bryant, Inc.
, 159 F.3d
358, 364 (9th Cir. 1997) (opining, without deciding, that federal common law standard for successor
liability does not apply under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act (CERCLA): “There is no evidence that the application of state corporation law will
frustrate this objective. No state provides a haven for liable companies. Nor is there reason to think
that states will alter their existing successor liability rules in a ‘race to the bottom’ to attract
corporate business.… It is unrealistic to think that a state would alter general corporate law
principles to become a peculiarly hospitable haven for polluters.”) (citing
Anspec Co. v. Johnson
Controls, Inc.
,
The Supreme Court’s decision in
United States v. Bestfoods
, 524 U.S. 51 (1998) also
militates against the application of the substantial continuity test from federal common law.
Bestfoods
involved a CERCLA action against the parent corporations of chemical manufacturers for
the costs of cleaning up industrial waste generated by a chemical plant. The Court explored the
question of whether a parent corporation that actively participated in, and exercised control over,
the operations of a subsidiary may, without more, be held liable as an operator of a polluting facility
owned or operated by the subsidiary.
Bestfoods
,
CERCLA is thus like many another congressional enactment in giving no indication
that “the entire corpus of state corporation law is to be replaced simply because a
plaintiff's cause of action is based upon a federal statute,”
Burks v. Lasker,
441 U.S.
471, 478,
Id. at 63. The Court therefore held that evidence that a parent corporation actively participated in, and exercised control over, the operations of a subsidiary was not sufficient to hold the parent liable as an operator of a polluting facility. Id. at 55. The Court rejected the proposition that CERCLA establishes a relaxed rule of derivative liability which “displace[s] or fundamentally alter[s] common-law standards of limited liability.” Id. at 70.
Following Bestfoods , the Second Circuit in New York v. Nat’l Servs. Indus., Inc. , 352 F.3d 682 (2d Cir. 2003), rejected the argument that federal common law provides the standards for successor liability in a CERCLA action. Instead of the federal common law standard of “substantial continuity,” the court applied the state common law rule of “mere continuation,” reasoning as follows:
In considering the substantial continuity test, we take from Bestfoods the principle that when determining whether liability under CERCLA passes from one corporation to another, we must apply common law rules and not create CERCLA-specific rules.… [T]here is some prior precedent for the substantial continuity rule and the rule is generally presented as a variant of the mere continuation exception. However, the substantial continuity test is not a sufficiently well established part of the common law of corporate liability to satisfy Bestfoods ’ dictate that common law must govern.…Within federal law, the substantial continuity doctrine is well established in the area of labor law. See, e.g., Fall River Dyeing & Finishing Corp. v. NLRB,482 U.S. 27 , 43-45,107 S. Ct. 2225 ,96 L. Ed.2d 22 (1987). However, the labor law cases are particular to the labor law context and therefore have not been and cannot easily be extended to other areas of federal common law.… Perhaps if the substantial continuity doctrine were widely adopted among the states, it might be considered absorbed into federal common law and thus applied under CERCLA pursuant to the reasoning in Bestfoods in whatever states had not adopted it. However, at present the doctrine has been adopted by only a handful of states.… We thus find that the substantial continuity doctrine is not a part of general federal common law and, following Bestfoods, should not be used to determine whether a corporation takes on CERCLA liability as the result of an asset purchase.
Id.
at 685-87;
see also United States v. Davis
,
We agree with Visi-Trak Worldwide that Bestfoods and Nations Servs. Indus. are persuasive authority for the proposition that the substantial continuity test of federal common law likewise does not apply in the context of patent judgment enforcement. Because federal patent laws do not speak to the issue of successor liability, there is little basis to abrogate the general rule derived from state *12 common law that substantial continuity is insufficient to impose liability. The substantial continuity test has gained widespread acceptance only in the narrow areas of labor law, employment discrimination law, and pension benefit litigation. Accordingly, state law is the appropriate reference for successor liability standards, in particular, Ohio’s “mere continuation” doctrine.
As discussed above, under Ohio law, a corporation is not a mere continuation of the corporation whose assets it has purchased, even though it continues to provide the same services and has the same physical plant, officers, employees, and product line as the purported predecessor. Erdy , 599 N.E.2d at 341; Welco , 617 N.E.2d at 1134. Rather, the key element is identity of ownership: a common identity of stockholders, directors, and stock. Mickowski cannot make this showing. VTC’s stock was owned by thirteen different shareholders at the time that the bankruptcy proceedings commenced. By contrast, Visi-Trak Worldwide’s stocks is owned by two trusts: the Agape Virgineus trust, which owns 95%, and Agape TK trust, which owns 5%.
Mickowski nevertheless argues that there is common ownership between Visi-Trak
Worldwide and VTC because Kathleen Vann, who is the trustee of the Agape Virgineus trust is
married to John Vann, her husband and former owner of over 53% of VTC’s stock. We disagree.
Although there is no published Ohio decision on this point, an unpublished decision of the Ohio
Court of Appeals held that a husband and wife are not the same individuals for purposes of
determining identity of ownership.
Semirale v. Rhea
, No. 65906,
In Park v. Townson & Alexander, Inc. , 679 N.E.2d 107, 109-10 (Ill. Ct. App. 1997), a husband and wife each owned 50% of the predecessor company’s stock, the wife asserted that she owned 100% of the successor’s stock, and the husband controlled the successor company. Inconsistently, a corporate tax return for the successor corporation indicated that the husband and wife each were 50% owners of the successor company. Id. at 110. By contrast, in the instant case, Kathleen Vann did not own any VTC stock, and there is no evidence suggesting that John Vann owns stock in Visi-Trak Worldwide.
In
Steel Co. v. Morgan Marshall Indus., Inc.
,
In
Lincoln Nat’l Life Ins. Co. v. Nicklau, Inc.
, No. 98-C-2453,
In conclusion, there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether VTC and Visi-Trak Worldwide have common ownership. Accordingly, even assuming that Visi-Trak Worldwide cannot rely on the order confirming VTC’s bankruptcy, which discharged Mickowski’s patent *13 judgment claim and which was in effect when Visi-Trak Worldwide purchased VTC’s remaining assets, Mickowski has failed to articulate a basis for holding Visi-Trak Worldwide liable as a successor to VTC’s liability for the unpaid patent judgment.
V
CONCLUSION For all the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order of June 7, 2004, granting summary judgment in favor of Visi-Trak Worldwide, LLC.
Notes
[3]
Mickowski’s citation to
Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
,