542 N.W.2d 367 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1995
MICHIGAN BASIC PROPERTY INSURANCE ASSOCIATION
v.
WASAROVICH
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Garan, Lucow, Miller, Seward, Cooper & Becker, P.C. (by Lloyd G. Johnson and Robert D. Goldstein), for Michigan Basic Property Insurance Association.
Merlotti Legal Services, P.C. (by Vincenzina R. Merlotti), for Patricia Wasarovich.
Musilli, Baumgardner, Wagner & Parnell, P.C. (by Ralph Musilli), for Michael Feldt.
Before: CORRIGAN, P.J., and CAVANAGH and L.C. ROOT,[*] JJ.
CORRIGAN, P.J.
In this action for declaratory judgment concerning insurance, plaintiff Michigan *321 Basic Property Insurance Association appeals as of right the denial of its motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) and the grant of summary disposition in favor of defendants Patricia Wasarovich and Michael Feldt, as personal representative of the estate of August Feldt, pursuant to MCR 2.116(I)(2). We reverse.
I. UNDERLYING FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Michigan Basic's action for declaratory judgment arises from the August 26, 1990, shooting death of August Feldt. On August 24, 1990, Patricia and Joseph Wasarovich were divorced. Two days later, they argued on the telephone about custody of their son. That night, Joseph Wasarovich, armed with a handgun, arrived at 11356 Brammel Street in Detroit where Patricia Wasarovich and August Feldt, her roommate, resided. Joseph told his ex-wife to lock the door and close the drapes. He then ordered August to lie on the floor. When August refused, Joseph shot him in the head, killing him instantly. Joseph next sexually assaulted, shot, and wounded his ex-wife. He then shot and killed himself.
Michael Feldt, as personal representative of August Feldt's estate, subsequently sued Ms. Wasarovich, the owner of the home where Feldt was murdered, for her negligence in failing to protect Feldt from Joseph Wasarovich's crime. The Wasaroviches had purchased an occurrence-based homeowner's policy for the Brammel Street house. Michigan Basic undertook Ms. Wasarovich's defense pursuant to that homeowner's insurance policy but also then initiated the present declaratory judgment action to determine whether it had a duty to defend or indemnify Ms. Wasarovich in the underlying litigation. It moved for summary *322 disposition, asserting that the occurrence-based insurance policy did not provide liability coverage because Feldt's murder was not an "occurrence" as defined in the policy. In the alternative, Michigan Basic argued that the policy exclusion for acts intended or expected to cause bodily injury from the standpoint of the insured precluded coverage.
Finding that Ms. Wasarovich was an innocent coinsured, the court ruled that the killing of Feldt was an "accident" within the policy definition of an "occurrence" and concluded that the policy exclusion for intentional acts did not apply. The court ruled as a matter of law that Michigan Basic owed a duty to defend Ms. Wasarovich in the underlying negligence action and granted summary disposition in favor of defendants.[1]
II. INTERPRETATION OF THE OCCURRENCE-BASED INSURANCE POLICY
Michigan Basic contends that the trial court erred in its interpretation of the occurrence-based homeowner's insurance policy. This Court interprets an insurance policy by first reviewing the policy language in an effort to effect the intent of the parties. Auto Club Group Ins Co v Marzonie, 447 Mich. 624, 630; 527 NW2d 760 (1994). If the language is clear and unambiguous, we apply the terms as written. Auto-Owners Ins Co v Churchman, 440 Mich. 560, 567; 489 NW2d 431 (1992). If an ambiguity exists, it is resolved in favor of the insured. Group Ins Co of Michigan v Czopek, 440 Mich. 590, 595; 489 NW2d 444 (1992). However, a policy is not rendered ambiguous simply because it omits the definition of a term. Absent a policy *323 definition, we assign a term its commonly used meaning. Marzonie, supra at 631; Czopek, supra at 596.
Similarly, in applying exclusionary provisions, this Court strictly construes the policy language against the insurer. Czopek, supra at 597. If the policy language is clear and unambiguous, it must be applied as written. Marzonie, supra at 631. "Indeed, this Court will not countenance holding `an insurance company liable for a risk it did not assume.'" Marzonie, supra, quoting Churchman, supra at 567.
A. LIABILITY COVERAGE: OCCURRENCE
Michigan Basic first contends that the trial court erroneously ruled that August Feldt's death was an occurrence and therefore is covered under the homeowner's policy. We agree. The clear and unambiguous language of the "Liability Coverages" section of the Wasaroviches' homeowner's policy provides that Michigan Basic will cover liability "for damages resulting from bodily injury or property damage caused by an occurrence." The policy defines an "occurrence" as
an accident, including exposure to conditions, which results, during the policy period, in:
a. bodily injury; or
b. property damage.
The policy, however, does not define the term "accident." As a result, applying the directive of our Supreme Court, we must assign the term its commonly used meaning:
[A]n accident is an undesigned contingency, a casualty, a happening by chance, something out of the usual course of things, unusual, fortuitous, not *324 anticipated, and not naturally to be expected. [Marzonie, supra at 631.]
We cannot say that Joseph Wasarovich's act of murdering August Feldt was an "undesigned contingency" or "chance happening." Our analysis should focus on the injury-causing act. The trial court found, and neither party disputes, that Joseph Wasarovich intended to murder Feldt. That Patricia Wasarovich did not anticipate her ex-husband's act of murdering Feldt does not render the murder an undesigned contingency or chance happening.
The trial court found that Joseph Wasarovich's act was intentional. In determining whether the shooting death of August Feldt was an accident, however, the trial court erroneously viewed the murder from the standpoint of Ms. Wasarovich. Because the court found that she was an innocent coinsured, it concluded that Feldt's death was an "accident" and thus an "occurrence" for purposes of liability coverage. In so doing, we believe that the trial court erred as a matter of law (as we faithfully attempt to interpret and apply our Supreme Court's rulings).
First, the court erred in applying the innocent coinsured doctrine to determine whether the occurrence-based policy covered liability arising from Feldt's murder. That doctrine applies in cases where an innocent spouse or coinsured makes a claim for insurance proceeds for a loss of property that was jointly owned with the insured responsible for the loss. Morgan v Cincinnati Ins Co, 411 Mich. 267; 307 NW2d 53 (1981); see also Borman v State Farm Fire & Casualty Co, 446 Mich. 482; 521 NW2d 266 (1994); Ramon v Farm Bureau Ins Co, 184 Mich. App. 54; 457 NW2d 90 (1990). In Morgan, our Supreme Court interpreted a statutory fire *325 insurance policy provision that voided the policy in cases of fraud. Morgan held that
the provision voiding the policy in the event of fraud by "the insured" is to be read as having application only to the insured who committed the fraud and makes claim under the policy. The provision has no application to any other person described in the policy as an insured. [Morgan, supra at 276.]
In other words, the innocent coinsured doctrine prevents an insurer from voiding a policy that would otherwise cover the particular loss on the basis of fraud by the insured as long as the coinsured is innocent of any wrongdoing.[2] The doctrine is not a mechanism to define an occurrence and thus establish coverage under the policy. Rather, the doctrine prevents an insurer from excluding a party from coverage on the basis of fraud.
Unlike Morgan, supra, this case does not involve an attempt to void a policy because of an insured's fraudulent claim. Rather, Michigan Basic contends that the terms of the policy do not cover Feldt's murder. By considering Ms. Wasarovich's role in the murder, the trial court confused the threshold issue whether a policy provides coverage with the provision excluding liability from injury as a result of an intentional act. Accordingly, the trial court erred in applying the innocent coinsured doctrine to determine that Michigan Basic owed a duty to defend and indemnify Ms. Wasarovich.
Although the matter is not entirely free from doubt, we believe that the trial court also erred in *326 analyzing the shooting from the standpoint of Ms. Wasarovich. The court found that Joseph Wasarovich intended to murder Feldt. The court concluded, however, that the murder of Feldt was an "accident" under the policy because Ms. Wasarovich did not intend the act that caused the injury. We disagree.
In Arco Industries Corp v American Motorists Ins Co, 448 Mich. 395; 531 NW2d 168 (1995), our Supreme Court finally resolved the viewpoint debate (i.e., whether an incident must be analyzed from the standpoint of the insured or the injured party).[3]Arco held that courts must view the incident that caused the personal injury from the standpoint of the insured, and not the injured party, to determine whether it is an accident. Arco, supra at 405; Marzonie, supra (concurring opinion of GRIFFIN, J., and dissenting opinion of LEVIN, J.); see also Czopek, supra at 598. The homeowner's insurance policy in Arco defined an occurrence as:
[An] accident, including injurious exposure to conditions, which results, during the policy period, in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured. [Arco, supra at 404. Emphasis added by the Supreme Court.]
In determining whether coverage existed, the Court considered whether an accident had occurred independent of the Court's consideration of whether the injury was expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured. Id. Czopek, supra, *327 interpreted a policy definition of occurrence similar to that in Arco, but without the "expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured" language. Implicitly viewing the incident from the standpoint of the insured, Czopek held that the insured's criminal assault on police officers did not constitute an accident within the meaning of the definition of occurrence. Czopek, supra at 597.
In both Arco and Czopek, the insured who committed the act that caused the injury was the same insured who was being sued in the underlying litigation. However, this case involves two insureds, Joseph Wasarovich, the criminal actor who murdered Feldt, and Ms. Wasarovich, the defendant in the underlying negligence action. Michigan Basic argues for an objective view, because the policy does not define an occurrence "from the standpoint of the insured." Defendants assert that the incident must be viewed from Ms. Wasarovich's standpoint because she is the defendant insured in the underlying action.
Applying the principles established in Arco, we conclude that neither party has presented the correct test to determine whether the incident falls within the policy definition of an occurrence. In determining whether an accident occurred, we must view the incident itself from the standpoint of the insured actor who caused the injury in question. Arco considered the "accident" aspect of the insurer's definition of occurrence separately from its analysis of the "from the standpoint of the insured" language, supra at 404-410. In considering the question whether the incident constituted an accident, the Court analyzed the incident itself from the standpoint of the insured who committed the act that caused the injury. The Court then considered the language contained in the policy itself referring to the expectations or *328 intentions of the insured. Id. The homeowner's policy at issue defines an occurrence as "an accident ... which results, during the policy period, in personal injury." The "expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured" language is absent from this definition, as it was in the Czopek policy. Thus, we must consider only the incident itself in determining whether there was an occurrence. Accordingly, we consider whether Feldt's murder constitutes an accident independent of whether the insured, Ms. Wasarovich, expected or intended the resulting injury. In so doing, we consider only the intent of the insured who caused the injury, Joseph Wasarovich.
The trial court found that Joseph Wasarovich intentionally killed August Feldt. Mr. Wasarovich went to 11356 Brammel Street armed with a pistol. When Feldt refused to do as instructed, Joseph Wasarovich shot him in the head, killing him instantly. Analyzing the shooting from the standpoint of the insured, Joseph Wasarovich, there is no question that the incident was not an "accident" within the policy definition of "occurrence." Accordingly, the trial court erred in finding an occurrence and in ruling that Michigan Basic had a duty to defend Ms. Wasarovich in the underlying negligence action.
B. POLICY EXCLUSION: INJURY EXPECTED OR INTENDED FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE INSURED.
Michigan Basic also contends that the trial court erred in ruling as a matter of law that Ms. Wasarovich neither expected nor intended the injury to August Feldt. In light of our resolution of the coverage issue, this issue is moot. However, we note that the trial court stated during oral argument:
*329 I'm satisfied that there's a question of fact about whether or not Patricia Wasarovich should have could have expected the actions of her ex-husband. It is clear to the Court based on the indication that there was some violence in this relationship beforehand, that, in fact, some violence had occurred prior in time. There's not any evidence presented.
* * *
[W]hether or not [the murder] is an action accident as it goes to [Patricia] ... is a question of fact.... [W]hat we have before us is an instance where there's been some allegation that [Patricia] should reasonably have known that [Joseph's] violence would escalate and that he might come over here and have a gun and and, therefore, might then injure a third party, which is a lot of going down the road with it, I think. It's not clear to me that whether or not that's a reasonable expen expectation upon her part.
On this record, whether Ms. Wasarovich expected or intended the injury to Feldt was a question of fact that the court failed to resolve. As a result, the trial court erred in denying Michigan Basic's motion for summary disposition on the basis that the policy precluded coverage under the exclusion for personal injury expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured. However, given our disposition of the preceding issue, we need not remand to the trial court for findings of fact.
We direct the circuit court to enter an order that Michigan Basic owes no duty to defend or indemnify Patricia Wasarovich in the underlying action.
Reversed.
CAVANAGH, J., concurred.
L.C. ROOT, J. (dissenting).
This is a case of two coinsureds with conflicting perspectives of a shooting *330 incident. From the standpoint of the now deceased actor, Joseph Wasarovich, the shooting was unquestionably an intended event. From the standpoint of the defendant, Patricia Wasarovich, the shooting was arguably fortuitous and not anticipated, or an accident as defined by Arco Industries Corp v American Motorists Ins Co, 448 Mich. 395, 402; 531 NW2d 168 (1995). The majority's unprecedented choice between these conflicting perspectives in the interpretation of the contract language is the principal difference between the majority and this writer. To determine if the shooting incident is an accident, which is an occurrence covered by the insurance policy, the majority examines the shooting incident from the standpoint of the insured actor instead of from the standpoint of the arguably innocent coinsured. As addressed below, this writer respectfully dissents from this interpretation as a result of the ambiguity found in the insurance contract language and the lack of precedent directing such an interpretation.
I. INTERPRETATION OF THE OCCURRENCE-BASED INSURANCE POLICY
The first step in deciding if Michigan Basic must defend and indemnify Ms. Wasarovich is to determine if the shooting is covered by the insurance policy. In interpreting an insurance contract, the general rule is that the policy is enforced according to its terms. Arco, supra at 402. If the terms are unambiguous, they are enforced as written. Id. at 403. If ambiguity exists, the policy is enforced in favor of the insured. Group Ins Co v Czopek, 440 Mich. 590, 595; 489 NW2d 444 (1992). A term left undefined is not necessarily ambiguous, but is given its commonly used meaning, id. at 596, and *331 "must take into account the reasonable expectations of the parties." Arco, supra at 403. Finally, "wherever there are two constructions that can be placed upon the policy, the construction most favorable to the policyholder will be adopted." Powers v DAIIE, 427 Mich. 602, 623; 398 NW2d 411 (1986).
In its policy, Michigan Basic contracted to defend and indemnify a claim or suit "brought against an insured for damages because of bodily injury or property damage caused by an occurrence to which this coverage applies...." An occurrence is defined as "an accident ... which results, during the policy period, in bodily injury." "Accident" is not a defined term, leaving its definition to case law interpretation, Czopek, supra, and the reasonable expectations of the parties, Arco, supra at 403. As commonly defined, an accident for insurance purposes is "an undesigned contingency, a casualty, a happening by chance, something out of the usual course of things, unusual, fortuitous, not anticipated, and not naturally to be expected." Id. at 404-405. Accidents are interpreted from the subjective standpoint of the insured, not the injured person. Id. at 405, 407.
Applying the definitions and principles of contract construction to the present case, the shooting death of August Feldt is covered under the policy if it is an accident from the subjective standpoint of the insured. Id. at 405. The difficulty in this case arises from the fact that the insurance policy covers two insured parties with conflicting subjective standpoints, and neither the contract terms nor interpretive case law explain which standpoint of multiple insured parties is adopted to define an accident when the standpoints of the insured parties conflict. The contract is silent in terms of the conflicting perspectives of coinsureds, leaving two *332 equally possible constructions that can be placed on the policy. Thus, according to Powers, supra at 623, "the construction most favorable to the policyholder will be adopted." Alternatively phrased, this contract is ambiguous and is interpreted in favor of the insured, Patricia Wasarovich. Arco, supra at 403; Czopek, supra at 595.
Interpreting the contract in favor of the insured as a result of the ambiguity means that the shooting incident is viewed from the subjective perspective of Patricia Wasarovich. The trial court, whose decision is overturned by this Court of Appeals majority, denied Michigan Basic summary disposition, holding that the shooting was an occurrence under the insurance policy because it should be interpreted from Patricia Wasarovich's standpoint as a result of the innocent coinsured doctrine from Morgan v Cincinnati Ins Co, 411 Mich. 267, 276; 307 NW2d 53 (1981). The end result of this analysis is that the trial court's decision should be upheld, but the rationale for it rejected. The trial court erred in applying the innocent coinsured doctrine to this case. That doctrine operates to determine whether an exclusionary clause bars one of multiple coinsureds from making a claim of insurance because of an act of fraud on the insurer. Id. at 276. Thus, it is not applicable to the interpretation of the definition for the term "occurrence" under the insurance policy. Accordingly, the trial court's denial of Michigan Basic's summary disposition motion should be upheld because contract ambiguity results in the shooting being defined as an occurrence under the insurance policy.
II. INTERPRETATION OF THE POLICE EXCLUSION
Given that the shooting death of August Feldt is *333 an occurrence to which Michigan Basic's duty to defend and indemnify applies, the second issue is if the "expected or intended by the insured" exclusionary clause in the policy subsequently eliminates Patricia Wasarovich's coverage. Michigan Basic's policy excluded coverage of personal liability and medical payments for third-party bodily injury if the bodily injury was "expected or intended by the insured." (Emphasis added.) As above, the pertinent question is which insured's perspective of the multiple insured's perspectives is used to determine if the bodily injury (death) was expected or intended.
When interpreting exclusions in a policy of insurance, clear, specific exclusions are enforced, but "exclusions to the general liability ... are to be strictly construed against the insurer." Czopek, supra at 597. If ambiguity exists, the policy is enforced in favor of the insured. Arco, supra at 403; Czopek, supra at 595. Michigan courts have not interpreted the meaning of the phrase "the insured" in an exclusionary clause of a homeowner's policy covering multiple coinsureds. However, the Michigan Supreme Court interpreted the phrase "the insured" in the context of the exclusionary clause for fraud in the standard fire insurance policy, MCL 500.2832; MSA 24.12832. Morgan, supra at 276. While not factually on point, the analysis is persuasive.
Morgan's exclusionary clause read as follows:
"This entire policy shall be void if, whether before or after a loss, the insured has wilfully concealed or misrepresented any material fact or circumstance concerning this insurance or the subject thereof, or the interest of the insured therein, or in case of any fraud or false swearing by the insured relating thereto." MCL 500.2832; MSA 24.12832. [411 Mich. 276. Emphasis added.] *334 The insurer argued to the Morgan Court that the exclusion voided the entire policy if any insured committed fraud. Id. The Supreme Court stated: "We believe ... [`the insured'] is to be read as having application only to the insured who committed the fraud and makes claim under the policy." Morgan at 276.
Expanding this logic to the Michigan Basic clause that excludes coverage of personal liability and medical payments of others for bodily injury if the bodily injury was "expected or intended by the insured" in the case of multiple insureds, only the insured or insureds who intended or expected bodily injury and who applied for coverage would be excluded. Therefore, in the present case Patricia Wasarovich is not excluded from coverage in a summary disposition hearing because her intent or expectation with respect to August Feldt's bodily injury is a question of fact, as was recognized by the trial court.
Alternatively, if Morgan's analysis is not expanded into the realm of homeowner's insurance, Patricia Wasarovich is still not excluded under this clause. The word "the" is
[a] demonstrative adjective used chiefly before a noun to individualize, specialize, or generalize its meaning, having a force thus distinguished from the indefinite distributive force of a, an, and from the abstract force of the unqualified noun. Thus, the man points to a particular man... Limiting a general term to the individual or class indicated by a succeeding element in the sentence.... [Webster's New International Dictionary Unabridged, Second Edition.]
Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition explains "the" as "an article which particularizes the subject spoken of." Black's goes on to say, *335 "The most unlettered persons understand that `a' is indefinite, but `the' refers to a certain object ... `The' house means only one house." Thus, the plain meaning in Michigan Basic's exclusionary clause for multiple insureds is that the clause examines the intentions or expectations of a single insured when judging exclusion from coverage. The question naturally follows in the case of multiple insureds with conflicting perspectives, which perspective is adopted from which to judge exclusion? Neither the insurance policy nor case law supplies an answer. Furthermore, in applying the exclusionary clause to the facts of this case, opposite, reasonable conclusions regarding exclusion are reached depending on whether Patricia Wasarovich's perspective or Joseph Wasarovich's perspective is adopted. This results in ambiguity. Ambiguity is construed in favor of the insured, Patricia Wasarovich. Czopek, supra at 595. Therefore, Ms. Wasarovich is not excluded from coverage at the summary disposition level. However, as a result of the factual question regarding whether Patricia Wasarovich expected or intended the bodily injury, the trial court erred in granting her summary disposition. This issue should be remanded to the trial court for findings of fact.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] The trial court limited its finding that Patricia Wasarovich was an innocent coinsured to the declaratory judgment action, leaving open the possibility that she could later be found negligent in the underlying action.
[2] In cases where policy language voids the policy because of "any" or "an" insured's fraudulent conduct, no other insured, including innocent coinsureds, may recover under that policy. See Borman, supra; Allstate Ins Co v Freeman and Metropolitan Property & Liability Ins Co v DiCicco, 432 Mich. 656, 700; 443 NW2d 734 (1989).
[3] See Frankenmuth Mutual Ins Co v Piccard, 440 Mich. 539; 489 NW2d 422 (1992) (plurality opinion of RILEY, J.) (an incident must be analyzed from the standpoint of the injured party) and Marzonie, supra (concurring opinion of GRIFFIN, J. and dissenting opinion of LEVIN, J., incident must be viewed from the standpoint of the insured); see also Czopek, supra.