This case requires us to determine whether the Securities Act of 1933 (“the 1933 Act”) applies to a 90-day “bridge” loan and whether a single phone call and the mailing of allegedly fraudulent information can be sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over non-resident defendants. Plaintiff alleges violations of the 1933 Act and Texas state law. The district court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss, holding that the plaintiff failed to state a claim under the 1933 Act and that the evidence was insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over the defendants. We agree with the district court as to the reach of the 1933 Act, but we find that sufficient minimum contacts exist as to all but one of the appellees and reverse the district court’s dismissal as to the state law claims.
I. Facts and Proceedings Below
■ Appellant Michael Lewis was a customer of the Bear Stearns brokerage house from April 1992 to April 1996. David Fresne was his stockbroker. In 1995, Fresne tried to convince Lewis to buy stock through a private placement in Mad Martha’s Ice Cream, Inc. (“Mad Martha’s”), a Delaware corporation with business locations in Massachusetts. Fresne sent Lewis a private placement memorandum on a Mad Martha’s stock offering, but Lewis refused to buy.
Lewis did agree to Fresne’s second suggestion: making a 90-day “bridge loan” to Mad Martha’s pending the closing of a private placement of the company’s stock. In June 1995, Lewis loaned $650,000 to Mad Martha’s. In return, Lewis received a promissory note for $650,000 (the “Note”), which was never repaid, and a pledge of 615,675 shares of Mad Martha’s stock, which became worthless when Mad Martha’s filed for bankruptcy eight months later. The Note was supposedly secured by, among other things, a first lien on the assets of a Mad Martha’s store in Nantucket, Massachusetts. It was to bear interest at a rate of 15 percent per annum, or $97,500, and that amount was not tied to the performance of Mad Martha’s stock.
Lewis claims that the defendants misrepresented the facts surrounding the Nantucket store when he agreed to loan the $650,000. Apparently, the former president of Mad Martha’s, Thomas Quinn, entered into the lease for Mad Martha’s Nantucket store in his own name instead of Mad Martha’s. Even after he was removed by the board of directors, Quinn continued to retain possession of the Nan *356 tucket store and operate it as if it were his own store and not Mad Martha’s. Mad Martha’s unsuccessfully filed suit in an effort to regain control of the Nantucket store. Lewis alleges that the defendants sent him letters and documents falsely stating that Mad Martha’s was providing him with a first lien on the Nantucket store when they knew that Quinn was the store’s true owner.
The efforts to sell Mad Martha’s stock in a private placement failed. On February 27, 1996, Mad Martha’s filed for bankruptcy. Lewis filed a complaint in Texas state court alleging breach of fiduciary duty (by Fresne), securities fraud under the Texas Securities Act, violations of the Securities Act of 1933, common law fraud, and civil conspiracy. The case was then removed to the United States district court for the Southern District of Texas. In an August 14, 1996 order, the district court denied Lewis’s motion to remand the case to state court and dismissed several defendants from the case on the basis that personal jurisdiction was lacking. This appeal only concerns those defendants: Eric Rosen-feld; Lowell Farkas; Eric Young; and Rosenfeld, Bernstein & Tannenhauser, LLP. 2
In an October 6, 1997 opinion, the district court reaffirmed that: 1) Lewis failed to state a claim under the 1933 Act; and 2) the evidence was insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over the defendants in this appeal. The district court denied Lewis’s request to file an amended complaint alleging violations of the Securities Act of 1934. Meanwhile, Lewis eventually settled with the defendants that had not been dismissed in the August 14 order, including Fresne. Following his settlement with Fresne (the last remaining non-dismissed defendant), Lewis submitted an agreed final judgment that was approved by the court on April 19,1999. Lewis then filed a motion for a new trial as to the defendants dismissed in the August 14, 1996 order. He attached to this motion a statement from Fresne who claimed that he had been acting as an intermediary between Lewis and Rosenfeld. The district court denied the motion citing the prejudice to the defendants (who had been out of the case for three years) and the lack of probative value in Fresne’s statement.
II. Standard of Review
This court reviews both the district court’s denial of Lewis’s motion to remand the case back to state court and its dismissal for want of personal jurisdiction de novo.
See Frank v. Bear Stearns & Co.,
The district court’s denial of leave to amend the complaint is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
See Patterson v. P.H.P. Healthcare Corp.,
III. Failure to State a Claim Under the 1933 Securities Act
The 1933 Act states: “No case arising under this title and brought in any State *357 court of competent jurisdiction shall be removed to any court of the United States.” 15 U.S.C. § 77v. The district court acknowledged this language, but explained that in limited circumstances the defendant may pierce the pleadings to show that claims otherwise not removable have been pled solely to prevent removal. In its August 14 order, the district court held that the Note was not a “security,” and, therefore, Lewis did not have a valid claim under the 1933 Act. In its subsequent opinion, the district court explained that Lewis also failed to state a claim because Lewis only sued under § 12 of the 1933 Act and that portion of the 1933 Act does not apply to non-public transactions.
The burden is on the defendants to show that Lewis’s federal Securities Act claim is baseless. This is a heavy burden. Defendants “must show that there is no possibility that plaintiff would be able to establish a cause of action.”
Lackey v. Atlantic Richfield Co.,
We decline to address the issue of whether the Note was a “security” under the 1933 Act because we agree with the district court that this was a private transaction. For his 1933 Act claims, Lewis alleged only violations of § 12(1), § 12(2), and derivative liability under § 15.
3
(These correspond to 15 U.S.C. §§ 77Z(1), 77Z(2), and 77o in the U.S.Code.) Section 12(1) provides liability or rescission for the offer or sale of a security without a registration statement. Section 12(2) imposes liability on any person who “offers or sells a security ... by means of a prospectus or oral communication, which includes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact.” Section 12 of the 1933 Act does not apply to private transactions.
See Gustafson v. Alloyd Co.,
The evidence shows that this was a private transaction. Lewis only agreed to make the loan after receiving and rejecting a
private
placement memorandum. He entered the deal through his own
private
broker. The $650,000 was designed to keep Mad Martha’s running until a
private
placement sale of stock could be completed.
See Whirlpool Financial Corp. v. GN Holdings, Inc.,
Lewis contends that the district court ignored the “public” aspects of his transaction. He cites to a decision from the Southern District of New York that allowed a plaintiff to sue under § 12 even though his purchase of stock was made pursuant to a private placement memorandum.
See Fisk v. SuperAnnuities, Inc.,
IV. Personal Jurisdiction
In addition to his claim under the 1933 Act, Lewis alleges claims under the Texas Securities Act and common law. The district court dismissed these claims for lack of personal jurisdiction against the defendants.
The burden is on Lewis to establish the district court’s jurisdiction over non-residents. None of the defendants are residents of Texas. Obtaining personal jurisdiction over a non-resident is constitutionally permissible if: 1) the non-resident purposely availed himself of the benefits and protections of the forum state by establishing minimum contacts with the state; and 2) the exercise of jurisdiction does not offend “traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.”
Wien Air Alaska, Inc. v. Brandt,
Fresne and Rosenfeld were co-chairs of Mad Martha’s board of directors. In his petition, Lewis alleges that Rosenfeld participated in a telephone conversation between himself and Fresne that was designed to convince Lewis to make the $650,000 loan. Lewis contends that Rosenfeld failed to correct allegedly false statements made by Fresne during that phone call. He also contends that Rosenfeld prepared and sent loan documents and stock certificates to him in Texas that contained fraudulent misstatements regarding the Nantucket store. Similarly, the petition alleges that Farkas, Mad Martha’s president, signed and sent security agreements to Lewis in Texas that fraudulently represented that Lewis would receive a first lien on the Nantucket store as security for his loan.
We believe that this is sufficient evidence of minimum contacts to justify personal jurisdiction. A single act by
*359
a defendant can be enough to confer personal jurisdiction if that act gives rise to the claim being asserted.
See Brown v. Flowers Indus.,
Moreover, we find minimum contacts between Rosenfeld’s law firm, Rosenfeld, Bernstein & Tannenhauser LLP, and the forum state. “[A] partner’s actions may be imputed to the partnership for the purpose of establishing minimum contacts....”
Sher v. Johnson,
We also conclude that maintenance of this action against Rosenfeld, Farkas, and Rosenfeld, Bernstein
&
Tannenhauser, LLP in Texas will not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Texas has a significant interest in providing a forum for this action because the injured party, Lewis, is a Texas resident.
See Wien Air,
We agree with the district court, however, that there is insufficient evidence of minimum contacts between defendant Young and the forum state. Young was the president and sole shareholder of Vineyard Shops, Ltd. (“VSL”). In 1993, he sold the Mad Martha’s Ice Cream Stores to Mad Martha’s in return for a down payment and a note for the balance of the purchase price. Mad Martha’s still owed VSL money when Lewis made his loan in 1995. Neither VSL nor Young was a party to the transaction between Lewis and Mad Martha’s. Lewis’s only allegation against Young is that he signed a letter that was forwarded to him in Texas stating that VSL’s lien on the Nantucket store was being assigned to Lewis. Young neither prepared the letter nor sent it to Lewis. This conduct is not enough for Young to reasonably anticipate that he
*360
would be haled into court in Texas.
See World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson,
V. Leave to Amend
The district court rejected Lewis’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint. Lewis sought to assert an additional claim under § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“the 1934 Act”) and to allege additional facts learned during discovery. Leave to amend “shall be freely given when justice so requires.” F.R.C.P. 15(a). The district court denied Lewis’s motion because it was “untimely and would unduly prejudice Defendants, particularly those who were dismissed ... in 1996.” 7
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) allows a plaintiff to file one amended complaint as a matter of right when the defendants have not filed a responsive pleading. Although the appellees have filed motions to dismiss, “[t]his court follows the prevailing view that a motion to dismiss is not a responsive pleading.”
Whitaker v. City of Houston,
The Whitaker court explained that the Fifth Circuit had adopted the Eleventh Circuit’s approach to reviewing motions for leave to amend a complaint after a dismissal. Under this approach, “a plaintiff is allowed to amend under Rule 15(a) with leave of the court-but not as of course-if the district court dismissed only the plaintiffs complaint, not his or her action.” Id. at 835. In August 1996, the district court dismissed Lewis’s complaint. According to Whitaker, Lewis cannot amend his complaint as a matter of right; he should only be granted leave to amend if the district court’s decision to deny such leave was an abuse of discretion.
Undue delay justifies a district court’s decision to deny leave to amend.
See Las Vegas Ice & Cold Storage Co. v. Far West Bank,
CONCLUSION
The decision of the district court is affirmed in part and reversed in part. Plaintiff failed to state a claim under the 1933 Act. Plaintiff did establish that defendants Rosenfeld, Farkas, and Rosenfeld, Bernstein & Tannenhauser, LLP had sufficient minimum contacts with the state of Texas. Accordingly, the district court has personal jurisdiction to hear plaintiffs state law claims against these three defendants. We agree with the district court that there is insufficient evidence for it to assert personal jurisdiction over defendant Young. It was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to refuse to permit Lewis to amend his complaint. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
Notes
. Lewis’s petition also stated a claim against Robert Bernstein and Robert Tannenhauser in their individual capacities. Along with the other defendants in this case, they were dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction. This Court dismissed the appeal against Tannen-hauser and Bernstein in a January 13, 2000 order.
. Section 15 of the 1933 Act imposes derivative liability on "controlling persons” for violations of § 12. Without a violation of § 12, there is no claim under § 15.
. Although the
Gustafson
case was brought under § 12(2) and not § 12(1), the language of the majority opinion encompasses
all
of § 12.
See, e.g., id.
at 581,
. Lewis also contends that a pledge of stock is an offer or sale of a security covered by § 12. He cites this circuit's decision in
Haralson v. E.F. Hutton Group, Inc.,
. Farkas contends that he is immune from suit under the "fiduciary shield” doctrine because all of his allegedly fraudulent acts were performed when he was acting as a corporate officer of Mad Martha's. This is not a case where plaintiff's claim rests on nothing more than Farkas’s status as a corporate officer. Instead, Lewis contends that Farkas deliberately misled him so that Mad Martha’s and Farkas would get the money needed to keep Mad Martha's afloat until the private placement. Therefore, the fiduciary shield doctrine should not apply. "[T]he shield is removed if the individual’s personal interests motivate his actions....”
Darovec Marketing Group, Inc. v. Bio-Genics, Inc.,
. The district court also denied Lewis’s motion to file an amended complaint because it held that the Note was not a “security” under the 1934 Act. Leave to amend does not need to be granted when the amended complaint would not withstand a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
See Sinay v. Lamson & Sessions Co.,