Opinion by
Plaintiff, Arnold Meyerstein, as trustee of the Meyerstein Trust, appeals the district court's summary judgment for defendants, City of Aspen (City), Aspen/Pitkin County Housing Authority (Authority), and Music Associates of Aspen (MAA), on his claims for declaratory relief and for review pursuant to C.R.C.P. 106(a)(d). Meyerstein also appeals the district court's dismissal on statute of limitations grounds of both his takings and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims. We conclude that the need for further factual development precludes summary judgment on Meyerstein's claim that the deed restriction at issue contains an illegal rent control provision. We further conclude that the district court partially erred in holding, as a matter of law, that Meyerstein's cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 was time barred. According ly, we reverse the portions of the district court's judgments relating to those claims and remand for further proceedings. We affirm the judgments in all other respects.
I. Background
In 1997, Meyerstein's predecessor in interest applied to Pitkin County for approval of a planned unit development (PUD) called Aspen Highlands Village (the property). As part of the PUD approval process, deed restrictions were placed on the property requiring, among other things, that certain units be reserved for affordable housing. As pertinent here, the deed restrictions included limits on the rents that could be charged for the reserved units and required the owner of the property to qualify certain tenants for those units through the Authority. Another deed restriction (the MAA provision) concerned certain "seasonal dorm units." This provision stated:
These units may be occupied by [MAA] music students and/or faculty in the summer months of June, July, August, and winter seasonal employees from October through April. The seasonal beds will be occupied in the off-season months of May and September as demand warrants. The winter seasonal employees shall be qualified under [Authority] Guidelines and procedures prior to occupancy. Employment is the only requirement for the seasonal dorm units. The [property owner] has the right to select a qualified tenant of his or her choice. Summer occupancy does not have to be approved by the [Authority].
Meyerstein purchased the property on September 15, 2005. On January 25, 2008, the Authority issued a notice of violation (NOV) to him, alleging that he failed (1) to rent the allotted units to MAA during the previous two summers or make them available to MAA for the upcoming summer (all parties referred to the rights described in the MAA provision as belonging to MAA, as opposed to its students and faculty, and we will employ that same convention), (2) to have winter seasonal employees and long-term tenants qualified prior to occupancy, and (8) to provide the Authority with copies of leases, as required under the deed restrictions. The NOV informed Meyerstein that he could request a hearing before the Authority board.
Meyerstein responded to the NOV by, among other things, challenging the Authority's interpretation of the MAA provision. In Meyerstein's view, he was permitted to rent to MAA at his option, but was not required to do so. In addition, Meyerstein asserted that the Authority board lacked jurisdiction to interpret or determine the enforceability of the deed restrictions. Nonetheless, in or
The Authority board subsequently held a hearing to review Meyerstein's objections to the NOV. Meyerstein was represented by counsel at this hearing, and counsel questioned witnesses and presented arguments on Meyerstein's behalf.
After the hearing, the board issued Resolution No. 2008-04, "constituting its findings of fact and conclusions of law based upon the evidence." The board concluded that it had the authority to hear Meyerstein's appeal of the NOV, that the requirements of procedural due process had been met, and that MAA had a right, at its option, to occupy the designated rooms during the summer months.
Several weeks later, Meyerstein filed a complaint in the district court. In his complaint, he sought a declaration that (1) the rent controls imposed by the deed restrictions were void and unenforceable; (2) the word "may" as used in the MAA provision was permissive, not mandatory; and (8) the Authority lacked the authority to conduct the hearing and to interpret the MAA provision as it did, and otherwise denied him due process. Meyerstein further asserted a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging a violation of his right to the exclusive and other lawful use of the property, and a claim alleging an unconstitutional taking. Finally, in the alternative, Meyerstein timely sought review, pursuant to C.R.C.P. 106(a)(4), of the Authority board's decision.
The Authority moved to dismiss Meyer-stein's section 1983 and takings claims on the basis of the applicable statutes of limitation. The district court granted this motion. The parties then eross-moved for summary judgment on Meyerstein's remaining claims. The court granted defendants' motion and awarded attorney fees and costs to the Authority and MAA pursuant to the terms of the deed restrictions.
Meyerstein now appeals.
II. Standard of Review
We review de novo an order granting or denying a motion for summary judgment. Vail/Arrowhead, Inc. v. Dist. Court,
We likewise review de novo a district court's order granting a motion to dismiss on statute of limitations grounds. See SMLL, L.L.C, v. Peak Nat'l Bank,
IIL Rent Controls
Meyerstein contends that the district court erred in granting summary judgment for defendants on his claim that the deed restriction limiting the amount of rent he was permitted to charge violated the then-existing version of Colorado's anti-rent control statute. For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that section 38-12-8301, C.R.8.2010, as amended, applies here, and we hold that the need for further factual development precludes summary judgment on this claim.
A. GR.CP. 106(a)(4) or C.R.CP. 57
As a preliminary matter, we must address defendants' contentions that (1) Meyerstein's rent control challenge accrued at the time the PUD was approved, (2) he was required to assert that challenge under C.R.C.P. 106(a)(4) within thirty days of the PUD approval, and (8) his current claim is therefore time barred. These contentions essentially require us to decide whether
C.R.C.P. 106(a)(d4) provides a mechanism by which parties may challenge the quasi-judicial decisions of a governmental body, officer, or lower tribunal. C.R.C.P. 57 permits parties to petition a court for a declaration of their rights under, among other things, deeds, statutes, and contracts, "whether or not further relief is or could be claimed." A declaratory judgment, however, "must be based upon an actual controversy and not be merely a request for an advisory opinion." See Beacom v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs,
"A claim under C.R.C.P. 57 is not precluded by the possibility of C.R.C.P. 106(a)(4) review of administrative agency action where C.R.C.P. 106(a)(4) review may be ineffective in addressing the issues raised by the petitioner." Denver Cir. for the Performing Arts v. Briggs,
Applying these principles here, we conclude that Meyerstein may properly pursue his rent control challenge under C.R.C.P. 57. At the beginning of the hearing on Meyer-stein's appeal of his NOV, the Authority's qualifications manager indicated that one issue before the board was that the rents that Meyerstein was charging were more than the amounts allowed under the deed restrictions. After Meyerstein's property manager noted that the NOV did not address the amount of rent being charged, Meyerstein's counsel indicated that he was not prepared to address that issue. The Authority's counsel then stated that he did not "get ... into that either," although he added that the Authority would come back to that question if necessary.
In our view, this dialogue made clear the Authority's intent to enforce the rent control provisions and thus created a sufficient actual controversy for purposes of C.R.C.P. 57. Moreover, because of the procedural posture, the board did not address the rent control issue at the hearing, and, thus, Meyerstein could not have sought C.R.C.P. 106(a)(4) review of that issue, because there was no administrative decision for a court to review. Finally, we conclude that Meyerstein was not required to wait until the Authority acted on its threat to enforce the rent control provision before filing a declaratory judgment action. Requiring him to do so would have left him in a position of legal uncertainty, which is one of the cireumstances that C.R.C.P. 57 is designed to address. See Lakewood Fire Prot. Dist.,
In reaching this conclusion, we reject defendants' argument that Meyerstein is barred from challenging the rent control provisions now because he failed to challenge the original Pitkin County resolution within thirty days of its adoption. The Authority commenced the current enforcement action, and it clearly asserted its intent to enforce the rent control provisions contained in Meyer-stein's deed restrictions against him. Having thus initiated this controversy, defendants cannot be heard to argue that Meyerstein is precluded from seeking a declaration of his rights and obligations.
Moreover, we do not view Meyerstein's position as a challenge to Pitkin County's exercise of discretion in adopting the original PUD. Rather, he is asserting that enforcement of the rent control provisions against him, which the Authority has now threatened, would be in violation of existing law and, thus, contrary to public policy. In our view, in the narrow cireumstances presented here, Meyerstein may properly assert that position now. Cf. Menzel v. Niles Co.,
Accordingly, we conclude that under the cireumstances of this case, Meyerstein is entitled to pursue his rent control challenge by way of a declaratory judgment action under C.R.C.P. 57. We turn, then, to the merits of that challenge.
B. Merits of Meyerstein's Rent Control Challenge
At the time of the district court's rulings in this case, the anti-rent control statute provided:
The general assembly finds and declares that the imposition of rent control on private residential housing units is a matter of statewide concern; therefore, no county or municipality may enact any ordinance or resolution which would control rents on private residential property. This section is not intended to impair the right of any state agency, county, or municipality to manage and control any property in which it has an interest through a housing authority or similar ageney.
Ch. 487, see. 1, § 38-12-8301, 1981 Colo. Sess. Laws 1818.
Since this litigation began, however, the legislature has amended the statute. It now reads, in pertinent part:
(1) The general assembly finds and declares that the imposition of rent control on private residential housing units is a matter of statewide concern; therefore, no county or municipality may enact any ordinance or resolution that would control rent on either private residential property or a private residential housing unit.
(2) For purposes of subsection (1) of this section, an ordinance or resolution that would control rent on either private residential property or a private residential . housing unit shall not include:
(a) A voluntary agreement between a county or municipality and a permit applicant or property owner to limit rent on the property or unit or that is otherwise designed to provide affordable housing stock; or
(b) The placement on the title to the unit of a deed restriction that limits rent on the property or unit or that is otherwise designed to provide affordable housing stock pursuant to a 'voluntary agreement between a county or municipality and a permit applicant or property owner to place the deed restriction on the title.
(4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a county or municipality may not deny an application for a development permit as defined in section 29-20-108(1), C.R.S., because an applicant for such a*464 permit declines to enter into an agreement to limit rent on either private residential property or a private residential housing unit.
(5) This section is not intended to impair the right of any state agency, county, or municipality to manage and control any property in which it has an interest through a housing authority or similar agency.
§ 38-12-8301, C.R.S.2010.
1. Government Interest Exception
The parties dispute whether the amendments to the statute apply retroactively here. Before we address that question, however, we first address the Authority's contention that the deed restriction at issue falls within the statutory exception excluding from the prohibitions on rent control the right of a governmental entity to manage and control property in which it has an interest. See § 38-12-301(5). As noted above, this exception was contained in both the pre- and post-amendment versions of the statute. Accordingly, if it applies, then we need not consider the question of retroactivity.
The Authority contends, and the district court agreed, that the exception for properties in which governmental entities have an interest applies because the deed restriction at issue is a covenant that runs with the land and such a covenant is an interest in land. The exception, however, does not merely focus on a governmental entity's interest in property. Rather, it excludes from rent control prohibitions the right of a governmental entity to manage and control property in which it has an interest,. Here, we fail to perceive how enforcement of the anti-rent control statute would impair any right of the Authority to manage and control Meyer-stein's property, which is a necessary predicate to applicability of the statutory exception. "To manage" means "to control and direct." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1372 (2002). "To control," as applicable here, means, "to exercise restraining or directing influence over." Id. at 496. Here, the imposition, or even the enforcement, of a rent control restriction does not constitute the management and control of another's property, as those terms are ordinarily understood. Accordingly, we conclude that the statutory exception is inapplicable.
2. Retroactivity and Retrospectivity
In light of our foregoing determination, we must next consider whether the amended statute applies retroactively here, because the amendments are potentially dispositive. We note that defendants sought leave to address this question in supplemental briefing, and both parties submitted proposed supplemental briefs. We grant defendants' motion for leave to file supplemental briefs, accept the supplemental briefs filed by the parties, and advise the parties that we have considered these briefs in reaching our determination here.
"Legislation is applied prospectively when it operates on transactions that occur after its effective date, and retroactively when it operates on transactions that have already occurred or rights and obligations that existed before its effective date." Ficarra v. Dep't of Regulatory Agencies,
An expression of legislative intent that a statute should be applied retroactively, however, does not end our inquiry. Our constitution prohibits the General Assembly from passing laws that are "retrospective" in their operation. Colo. Const. art. II, § 11. "A law is unconstitutionally retrospective if it takes away or impairs vested rights acquired under existing laws, or creates a new obligation, imposes a new duty, or attaches a new disability, in respect to transactions or considerations already past." Abromeit v.
The retroactive application of a statute is not in and of itself unconstitutional. Pollock v. Highlands Ranch Cmty. Ass'n,
A statutory change is substantive when it creates, eliminates, or modifies vested rights or liabilities. People v. D.K.B.,
[A] vested right "must be something more than a mere expectation based upon an anticipated continuance of the existing law. It must have become a title, legal or equitable, to the present or future enjoyment of property or to the present or future enjoyment of the demand, or a legal exemption from a demand made by another."
Ficarra,
In determining whether a retroactive statute impairs or destroys vested rights, courts consider (1) whether the public interest is advanced or retarded; (2) whether the retroactive provision gives effect to or defeats the bona fide intentions or reasonable expectations of the affected party; and (8) whether the statute surprises those who have relied on a contrary state of the law. Id.
In this case, the General Assembly has made clear its desire to have the amended statute apply retroactively: "The provisions of this act shall apply to agreements entered into before, on, or after the applicable effective date of this act." Ch. 208, see. 2(2), 2010 Colo. Sess. Laws 907. According ly, we must consider whether this provision is unconstitutionally retrospective in its operation. We conclude for several reasons that it is not and, thus, that it permissibly applies retroactively here.
First, the amendments merely clarified, and did not change, existing law.
Amendments to a statute either clarify the law or change it, and there exists a presumption that, by amending the law, the legislature intends to change it. This presumption can be rebutted, however, by a showing that the legislature only meant to clarify an ambiguity in the statute by amending it. If an amendment clarifies the law, the law then remains unchanged. Accordingly, to determine whether an amendment changed the law or merely clarified it, we look to the legislative history surrounding an amendment, we consider the plain language used by the General Assembly, and we determine whether the provision was ambiguous before it was amended.
Acad. of Charter Schs.,
Specifically, as reflected by the supreme court's interpretation of the pre-amended statute in Town of Telluride v. Lot Thirty-Four Venture, L.L.C,,
Moreover, the plain language of the amended statute reflects a legislative intent to clarify the existing statute. Thus, section 38-12-301(2), on its face, sets forth what "an ordinance or resolution that would control rent" does not include, thereby clarifying the proper scope of the statute.
For these reasons, we conclude that the amended statute sought to clarify, not change, existing law and, thus, is remedial in nature. See, eg., Allstate Ins. Co. v. Faulhaber,
Second, the statutory change does not deprive Meyerstein of a vested right. As noted above, a right is not vested when it is dependent on a statute under which it was acquired. Id. It must be more than a mere expectation based on the anticipated continuance of the existing law. Ficarra,
Moreover, the undisputed facts show that Meyerstein's position has not changed. Specifically, Meyerstein purchased property that was subject to a deed restriction limiting tenants and rents, and application of the new rent control statute would not change that fact. To the contrary, application of the statute would preserve the status quo.
For these reasons, we conclude that the amended anti-rent control statute may permissibly be applied retroactively here.
3. Application
The question thus becomes whether the deed restriction capping the amount of rent that Meyerstein may charge violates the statute. As noted above, section 38-12-301(2) expressly allows for the imposition of deed restrictions that limit rents on property pursuant to a voluntary agreement between a governmental entity and a property owner. Thus, if the restriction at issue here resulted from a voluntary agreement between Meyer-stein's predecessor in interest and the Authority, then that restriction would fall squarely within the statutory exception, and Meyerstein would not be entitled to the declaratory relief that he seeks.
Because the parties have not yet had the opportunity to present evidence on this vol-untariness question, we cannot decide that issue as a matter of law. Accordingly, we conclude that a remand is necessary to allow the district court to consider it in the first instance.
IV. The MAA Provision
Meyerstein next asserts that the Authority and the district court each erred in their interpretations of the MAA provision. Contrary to their interpretation, he contends that the provision gives him the option to rent to MAA. We are not persuaded.
As an initial matter, we must address Meyerstein's contentions that (1) the board lacked the authority to hold a hearing to review the NOV, (2) he was denied due process at the hearing because the board generally and one board member in particular were biased, and (8) the board could not properly interpret the MAA provision because it was a party to the agreement containing that provision. We disagree with the first two contentions and need not decide the third.
With respect to Meyerstein's contention that the board lacked the authority to conduct the hearing, we note that the Authority was created pursuant to sections 29-1-201 to -204.5, C.R.S.2010, and the Third Amended and Restated Intergovernmental Agreement between the City and Pitkin County. Under that Agreement, the Authority was charged with the responsibility to "enforce all aspects of the affordable housing program, including, but not necessarily limited to, deed restrictions, guidelines, and qualifications." The Authority was further directed to establish "a system to hear appeals from the interpretation or implementation of the Affordable Housing Guidelines and issue final administrative determinations on such appeals." Moreover, agencies possess implied and incidental powers to do all that is necessary to effectuate their express duties. Hawes v. Colo. Div. of Ins.,
In addition, as both the United States and Colorado Supreme Courts have held, procedural due process is not violated merely because a single agency investigates, charges, and then adjudicates a claim. See Withrow v. Larkin,
For these reasons, we conclude that the board could properly hear Meyerstein's appeal of the NOV.
We likewise reject Meyerstein's assertions that he was denied due process because (1) the board as a whole was biased, given that its mission is to promote low income housing, and (2) an individual board member was biased, as evidenced by certain public statements that he had made.
"Quasi-judicial proceedings must be conducted in accordance with procedural due process. And, fundamental fairness is the cornerstone of due process." Scott v. City of Englewood,
As a division of this court has observed, "There is a presumption of integrity, honesty, and impartiality in favor of those serving in quasi-judicial capacities. And, the challenger of a quasi-judicial decision has the burden of rebutting this presumption of impartiality." Seott,
Applying these principles here, we perceive nothing in the record supporting Meyerstein's argument that the members of the board, as a group, were biased against him. Nor are we persuaded that the individual board member's statements evince a disqualifying conflict of interest,. See id. The board member purportedly said, "I am a firm believer in people living up to their contractual obligations and if they don't, since we live in the West, hang 'em high.... Whoever developed this property received benefits and they should uphold the deed restrictions on it." The board member was speaking about a different action and about deed restrictions and contractual obligations generally, as opposed to Meyerstein's restrictions and actions. We perceive nothing in this statement establishing this board member's bias against Meyerstein.
As to Meyerstein's contention that the board was not authorized to interpret the MAA provision because it was a party to the agreement containing that provision, we need not decide this question. Whether Meyer-stein is correct and this claim was properly presented to the district court pursuant to C.RCP. 57, or whether the Authority is correct and we must review this question under CRCP. 106(a2)(4), the result is the same. Specifically, as we will now discuss, we conclude, as a matter of law, that the MAA provision requires Meyerstein to rent to MAA if it chooses to use the rooms.
B. Interpretation of the MAA Provision
We review questions of contract interpretation de novo. Ad Two, Inc. v. City & Cnty. of Denver,
Terms used in a contract are ambiguous when they are susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation. Absent such ambiguity, we will not look beyond the four corners of the agreement to determine the meaning intended by the parties. The mere fact that the parties may have different opinions regarding the interpretation of the contract does not itself create an ambiguity in the contract.
Id. at 876-77 (citations omitted).
Here, the parties offer two conflicting, but reasonable, interpretations of the MAA provision. Meyerstein argues that, in the sentence, "These units may be occupied by [MAA] music students and/or faculty in the summer months of June, July, August, and winter seasonal employees from October through April," the word "may" is permissive and gives him the option to rent to MAA. He points to other provisions in the deed restrictions to support this point. For example, the same paragraph containing the above-quoted provision states, "The Declar-ant or Owner has the right to select a qualified tenant of his or her choice." This sentence, Meyerstein suggests, would be rendered meaningless if we were to interpret the word "may" as requiring him to rent to MAA. Conversely, he argues, his interpretation gives meaning to all of the contractual terms because, in his view, "may" simply allows him to rent to MAA students or faculty who would not other
The Authority, in contrast, argues that the word "may" gives MAA the option to occupy the dorm units at issue. The Authority suggests that this reading does not render meaningless the later provision giving Mey-erstein the right to select his own tenants. Rather, the Authority contends that provision merely confirms Meyerstein's right to select from among qualified tenants those of his own choice during winter and off-season months. In addition, the Authority argues that the word "may" was intended to benefit MAA by allowing it to rent and pay for rooms only when it needed them.
As the parties ably demonstrate, the language at issue is susceptible of more than one reasonable interpretation. Accordingly, we agree with the district court that the word "may" as used here is ambiguous, and, thus, we may look to extrinsic evidence to determine the parties' intent. Id. at 376.
The extrinsic evidence in the record includes the following:
® Internal Authority memoranda diseuss-ing the developer's proposal to allow MAA students to occupy the dorm rooms during the summer months;
e A statement by a representative of the developer at an Authority meeting that the units "will be occupied by Aspen Ski Company employees and Aspen Highlands Village employees during the winter months and the MAA during the summer months";
e An Amended Planned Unit Development Guide, stating, "The dorm units will be occupied by [MAA] students and employees in the summer";
@The recorded, final draft of the Aspen Highlands Village development plan, including Pitkin County Resolution 97-167, which stated, "Priority for the use of the proposed dormitory units shall be given to employees of the project or the Aspen Skiing Company during the fall, winter and spring. In the summer season use priority will be for [MAA] students, employees and/or teaching staff"; and
©Testimony of an Aspen Music Festival director stating that MAA publicly supported the proposed Aspen Highlands Village PUD because the developer was proposing to give MAA a right of first refusal to use the dorm room beds. The director further stated that MAA and the developer carefully considered the use of the word "may," as opposed to "shall," in this context, and used the word "may" so that, if MAA did not rent the rooms, the owner could rent them to others.
The foregoing evidence strongly supports the Authority's interpretation of the MAA provision, and Meyerstein points us to no evidence to the contrary. Accordingly, we conclude, as a matter of law, that "may be occupied," as used in the MAA provision, was intended to give MAA the right to occupy the rooms at its option.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, Mey-erstein asserts that even if the term "may," as used in the MAA provision, gave MAA the option to rent the rooms, the provision and the board resolution approving the PUD (Resolution) that authorized that provision constitute special legislation, in violation of article V, section 25 of the Colorado Constitution (the special legislation clause). We are not persuaded.
V. Meyerstein's Section 1983 and Takings Claims
Finally, Meyerstein contends that the district court erred in dismissing his section 1983 and takings claims on statute of limitations grounds. We conclude that the district court correctly dismissed the takings claim, but we are unable to conclude, at the motion to dismiss stage, that all of Meyerstein's section 1983 claim is barred by the applicable statute of limitations.
A. Legal Standard
The parties do not dispute that a two-year limitations period applies to both claims. See Blake v. Dickason,
B. Takings Claim
Meyerstein's takings claim asserts that the deed restrictions' requirement that he rent to nonqualified students and faculty of the MAA constitutes a taking of his property without a legitimate public purpose, in violation of the United States and Colorado Constitutions. On its face, Meyerstein's complaint alleges that his predecessor in interest placed the restriction at issue in the deed on December 12, 2001. ° Although Mey-erstein's takings claim arguably acerued on that date, his claim certainly accrued no later than September 15, 2005, when he purchased the property with notice of the restriction and its effect,. Thus, because any takings claim that Meyerstein may have had accrued more than two years before he filed his complaint, any such claim is time barred.
In an effort to avoid this time-bar, Meyer-stein asserts that the continuing tort doctrine should apply, and alternatively, that no statute of limitations should apply because he asserts a violation of public policy. We are not persuaded.
The continuing tort doctrine has only been applied in limited cireumstances, including in cases involving torts to property, environmental law, employment discrimination law, antitrust law, and criminal law. See Hoery v. United States,
Similarly, even assuming that no statute of limitations may apply to a claim based on a violation of public policy, we fail to see how defendants' requirement that Meyerstein rent to allegedly non-qualified students and faculty of MAA implicates the public policy behind section 38-12-801's prohibition against a local government's enacting rent controls.
For these reasons, we conclude that the district court properly dismissed Meyer-stein's takings claim.
C. Section 1983 Claim
Meyerstein's section 1988 claim alleges that defendants violated his right to the exclusive use and enjoyment of his property by (1) imposing the allegedly unlawful deed restrictions on his property, (2) issuing the NOV, and (8) allegedly interfering with his contract with the St. Regis Hotel. The district court concluded that all of these claims were time-barred because they acerued, at the latest, when Meyerstein purchased the property. We agree in part.
Although a statute of limitations defense generally should not be raised on a motion to dismiss, CAMAS Colo., Inc. v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs,
Assuming, without deciding, that Meyerstein's assertions regarding the imposition of the rent control language in his deed restrictions and the issuance of the NOV could support cognizable claims for relief under section 1983, we agree with the district court that any cause of action based on these premises accrued, at the latest, on the date on which Meyerstein purchased the property. At that time, he knew about the restriction in his deed limiting his ability to rent the property to a tenant of his choice. Accordingly, his time to assert a claim based on that restriction began to run no later than his date of purchase. Moreover, we do not agree that Meyerstein can rely on the issuance of the NOV to restart his time for asserting a challenge to a deed restriction of which he was aware years before. Accordingly, we agree with the district court that any section 1983 action based on these facts is time barred.
Meyerstein's assertion regarding the St. Regis Hotel, however, is different. In this claim, Meyerstein alleges that Authority employees interfered with his contract negotiations with the St. Regis Hotel after the Authority had issued its decision on his appeal of the NOV. On its face, then, Meyer-stein is complaining about conduct that first occurred on or about March 19, 2008. Moreover, this conduct is not the type of conduct that naturally or directly arose from the deed restriction. Although it is unclear to us that this alleged conduct suffices to state a viable section 1983 claim, the parties have not briefed, and the district court did not address, that issue, and we will not do so for the first time on appeal. See Robinson,
Accordingly, taking Meyerstein's allegations as true, as we must at the dismissal stage of this litigation, see Hemmann Mgmt. Servs. v. Mediacell, Inc.,
VI. Appellate Attorney Fees
Defendants have requested an award of appellate attorney fees pursuant to that portion of the deed restrictions entitling a prevailing party to such fees. In light of our foregoing determinations, defendants' request is denied.
VIL. Conclusion
For these reasons, the judgments are reversed as to Meyerstein's request for a declaratory judgment that the rent control provision violates the anti-rent control statute and as to that portion of his section 1983 claim concerning the St. Regis Hotel contract, and the case is remanded for further proceedings on those claims consistent with this opinion. The judgments are affirmed in all other respects.