Meyers v. MatthewsMeyers v. Matthews
Rеspondents are nonresidents of Wisconsin who propose to work within its borders in the manner outlined in the foregoing statement of facts. They claim to be independent contractors. Their first contention is that they are exempt from the Wisconsin Collection Agency Law by the fact, per se, of being engaged in interstate commerce; and that sec. 218.04, Stats., is discriminatory against and places an undue burden upon interstate commerce.
Appellant bank commissioner contends, on the other hand, that such collection-agency statute is a regulatory police measure which the state has authority to impose upon persons working within its borders, and that it places no undue burden upon interstate commerce either by way of prohibitive feеs or discriminatory provisions.
The Collection Agency Law was created by ch. 358, Laws of 1937, largely for the purpose of abating the then-existing vices of out-of-state collection agencies, arising out of their use of harsh and deceptive contracts. The records of the banking department show that after passage of that law, none of the then-existing foreign mail-оrder collection agencies attempted to qualify under the Wisconsin law, and the vices aimed at by the legislature ceased.
It is obvious that an annual license fee of $2 is not a tax, as it barely covers the administrative costs of issuing such license. The same is true of a $50 fee for an agency license. In
Union Brokerage Co. v. Jensen
(1944),
The Wisconsin Collection Agency Law does not impede the flow of interstate commerce by placing upon it an undue burden either as to discriminatory or prohibitive fees or by other discriminatory provisions. The provisions of the statute apply equally to those engaged in intrаstate commerce and to those engaged in interstate commerce.
The field of regulation of collection agencies and solicitors for the purpose of protecting the interests of the public has not been pre-empted by congress. In the absence of the barriers of discrimination and undue burden, a state may pass regulatory laws to protеct its residents from fraud and unconscionable conduct by out-of-state collection agencies who maintain representatives within the borders of the state. In California v. Thompson, supra, it was stated (p. 113) :
“As this court has often had occasion to point out, the commerce clause, in conferring on congress power to regulate commerce, did not wholly withdraw from the states the power to regulatе matters of local concern with respect to which congress has not exercised its power, even though the regulation affects interstate commerce. Ever since Willson v. Black Bird Creek Marsh Co.,2 Pet. 245 , and Cooley v. Board of Port Wardens,12 How. 299 , it has been recognized that there are matters of local concern, the regulation of which unavoidably involves some regulation of interstate commerce, but which because оf their local character and their number and diversity may never be adequately dealt with by congress. Because of their local character, also, there is wide scope for local regulation without impairing the uniformity of control of the national commerce in matters of national concern and without materially obstructing the free flow of commerсe which were the principal objects sought to be secured by the commerce clause. Notwithstanding the commerce clause, such regulation in the absence of congressional action has, for the most part, been left to the states by the decisions ofthis court, subject only to other applicable constitutional restraints.”
Speaking along the samе line, Mr. Justice Frankfurter, in the Union Brokerage Case, supra — a case in which the federal government itself required a license to protect its own interests in matters of national concern — stated (p. 208) :
“The federal government has recognized that there is such a proper field for state regulation complementary to federal regulation, for the treasury has provided that ‘a licensee having a [federal] license in forcе in one district may on application to the committee be granted a license to transact business in another district without further examination, provided it appears on investigation that the licensee is authorised to do business in the state or states in which such other district is situated. . . . Those who are responsible for protecting the interests of the revenue as well as of commerce have thus given emphatic indication that a state has a legitimate interest in the regulation of those engaged in the brokerage business within its borders. Where the government has provided for collaboration the courts should not find conflict.” Citing Savage v. Jones (1912),225 U. S. 501 , 32 Sup. Ct. 715,56 L. Ed. 1182 , and Kelly v. Washington (1937),302 U. S. 1 , 58 Sup. Ct. 87,82 L. Ed. 3 .
It would be possible to quote extensively from other United States supreme court decisions holding to the same effeсt, but we deem it sufficient to cite, in addition to the above cases:
Robertson v. California
(1946),
It is to be noted that, with the development of the law, in determining questions arising under the constitution as to the spheres in which the police power of the states and federal government are permitted to operate, the cоurts have been
“The decision in the Di Santo Case was a departure from this principle which has been recognized since Cooley v. Board of Port Wardens [12 How. (U. S.) 299,12 L. Ed. 996 ], supra. It cannot be reconciled with later decisions of this court which have likewise recognized and applied the principle, and it can no longer be regarded as controlling authority.” California v. Thompson, supra (p. 116).
In holding as it did in the present case, the trial court аpparently followed the now-discarded doctrine of the earlier cases that if a person or corporation was engaged in interstate commerce, that fact of itself rendered such person or corporation immune from state regulation. In its decision it relied heavily upon
Real Silk Hosiery Mills v. Portland
(1925),
The trial court further advances the theory that if the United States supreme court cases hereinbefore cited in support of our conclusion were not controlling in
Metropolitan Finance Corp. v. Matthews, supra,
they, therefore, cannot be controlling here. That reasoning does not follow. In the
Metropolitan Case, supra,
it was held оnly that Metropolitan was not doing business in the state of Wisconsin “so long as the solicitors are independent contractors and not subject to the direction of the plaintiff.” If Metropolitan was not doing business in Wisconsin under the facts as alleged, of course Wisconsin could not use its police power to regulate the corporation. But even there, it was held by this cоurt that if Metropolitan had been doing business in this state, Wisconsin would have had constitutional authority to exercise its police power under sec. 218.04, Stats., and the court quoted from
United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Asso.
(1944),
The novel contention in the present case is that respondents are independent contractors who procure lists of delinquent accounts, turn them over, or “sell” them, to Metropolitаn, and that then they are “through.” The implication is that respondents play an outside role apart from the collection-agency business because they have nothing to do with the
An affidavit submitted by appellant declares that Metropolitan admitted to one of appellant’s employees that it (Metropolitan) could not do business without its solicitors. Under the evidence in the present case, thе respondents are sufficiently under the direction of Metropolitan to show that their true relationship is one of principal and agent.
When presented with a copy of a sheet entitled “Instructions to Solicitors,” Mr. Holman testified:
“It is just more or less to outline the kind of accounts the company would accept and what they will not accept, and what the solicitor can do and what he can’t do.”
That instruction sheet contains very minute details as to how a solicitor is to work, with whom he may deal or may not deal, what forms he must use, how he must fill them out, what information must be furnished, what accounts may or may not be accepted, restrictions as to what he may tell his client, and when commissions will be withheld and when they will be paid.
In addition to the instruction sheet a “Solicitor’s Manual” is published by Metropolitan and issuеd to its solicitors. This manual assumes all of the important problems which may arise between the solicitor and his client and specifically advises the solicitor how to handle such problems.
Although Mr. Holman testified that he was not restricted or controlled by the corporation as to the area in which he could work, he later admitted that a solicitor could obtain an assignment of an exclusive territory upon condition that he had 200 listings or more. In such a case, then, Metropolitan would be directing not only the details of the work
The only control, then, that the solicitor has over his work is as to physical activities, such as time and manner of traveling. Such self-controlled activities are not sufficient to preclude agency.
The inseparable relation between the respondents and Metropolitan is further evident from the manner in which each refers to the other in the conduct of their business transactions. The solicitor’s contract form received and used by Mr. Holman in 1949 refers to him, in the upper right-hand corner as “district representative” and at the bottom as “your representative.” Even though that reference has lately been changed to read “solicitor,” Metropolitan has not changed its method of operating, and the reference in the forms received by Mr. Holman in 1949 is indicative of the true relationship between Metropolitan and its solicitors.
Further, Mr. Holman testified that in introducing himself to a prospective client he used the following language:
“Mr. Smith, this is C. B. Plolman speaking, from the Metropolitan Finance Corporation. My firm, Mr. Smith, specializes in the handling of professional accоunts, mostly delinquent accounts. We find we are not dealing with you, although we carry a large portion of that business throughout the country. So I called more or less to make you acquainted with our service. . . .”
That is exactly the same form of introduction which solicitors of Metropolitan are told to use in the “Solicitor’s Manual” issued to them by the corporation. From the testimony it is nоticeable that in talking with his clients Holman identifies himself with the corporation by the use of the terms “we,” “our,” “my firm,” “on behalf of.” That the impression made
“I would like to commend the Metropolitan and their representative, Mr. Holman.”
An agent is described in Rеstatement, 1 Agency, p. 10, sec. 1, as:
“. . . a person authorized by another to act on his account and under his control. Included within its meaning are both those who, whether or not servants ... act in business dealings and those who, being servants, perform manual labor. An agent may be one who, to distinguish him from a servant in determining the liability of the principal, is called an independent contractor. Thus, the attorney at law, the broker, the factor, the auctioneer, and other similar persons employed either for a single transaction or for a series of transactions are agents, although, as to their physical activities, they are independent contractors.”
Agency may be of a general or special character, and soliciting agents are agents of a special nature. An agent having authority only to solicit applications and forward them to the home office is a “soliciting agent.” 39 Words and Phrases (perm, ed.), p. 621;
Rozgis v. Missouri State Life Ins. Co.
(1933),
In
International Textbook Co. v. Pigg
(1910),
Metropolitan unquestionably is doing business, and it is doing that business with the aid of its solicitоrs. Therefore when its solicitors are present in Wisconsin, Metropolitan is present and doing business in Wisconsin. The true relation shown by the evidence to exist between Metropolitan and its solicitors is one of principal and agent. It does not matter for the purposes of this case whether the respondents may be a type of independent contractor or nоt. We are not concerned here with tort liability or workmen’s compensation. What is important here is that the solicitors are agents of Metropolitan.
Under all the evidence, Metropolitan itself is reaching, through its agents, into Wisconsin and dealing with the people of Wisconsin. The respondents’ right to engage in the activities of solicitors and to create the incidences connected with doing a collection-agency business stems from the primary licensing of the collection agency.
Under the facts, Metropolitan and its solicitors would be subject to the provisions of sec. 218.04, Stats., and the statute is not under any condemnation arising from restrictions burdening interstate commerce.
This is not a reversal of
Metropolitan Finance Corp. v.
Matthews,
supra.
The difference between the present case and that case cannot be too strongly emphasized. The determination there that Metropolitan was not doing business in this state is based wholly upon a hypothetical condition regarding the status of its solicitors, who were not present in that case. This court there very carefully pointed out that
“so long as
the solicitors are independent contractors
and not subject to the direction of the corporation "
the Metropolitan would not be doing business in this state. In the present case w;e have determined the true status of the solicitors, who are the respondents. We have shown that they are subject to the
By the Court. — The judgments are reversed, and the causes are remanded with instructions to vacate the judgments and dismiss the complaints.