delivered the opinion of the court:
In this case, plaintiff’s farmland was damaged from continuing erosion aggravated by earthen levees constructed and maintained by defendants. In an action seeking both monetary damages and injunctive relief, the trial court granted partial injunctive relief, but concluded that the five-year statute of limitations barred the recovery of monetary damages. The appellate court agreed that the statute of limitations had run and affirmed that portion of the trial court’s judgment. However, the appellate court further concluded that the plaintiff was guilty of laches, and was thus barred from even the partial injunctive relief granted by the trial court. Both sides appealed. We find that the statute of limitations on monetary damages had not completely run and does not bar the plaintiff’s damages claim in its entirety. We further find that the plaintiff is not guilty of laches regarding the claim for injunctive relief. Since the appellate court made no findings with regard to plaintiff’s claim that the injunctive relief ordered by the trial court was insufficient, we reverse and remand to the appellate court for further proceedings consistent with the views expressed below.
The factual, and procedural situation, as recited by the court below, is as follows. Defendants, George Kissner and Glen Weaver, d/b/a Kissner & Weaver Farm Implement Company, and Owen Rainwater, constructed earthen levees on their property which obstructed the natural flow of water and thereby caused injury to adjacent farmland owned by plaintiff, Norman Meyers. More than five years after the levees were constructed, plaintiff commenced this action against defendants in the circuit court of Wayne County to obtain both injunctive relief and damages. After finding that plaintiff’s damage claim was time-barred under section 13—205 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, par. 13—205), the circuit court issued an injunction requiring that a portion of the levees be modified. Plaintiff appealed and defendants cross-appealed. The appellate court reversed and remanded with directions to enter judgment in favor of defendants. (
The record before us shows that plaintiff and defendants own adjacent parcels of farmland along the Skillet Fork River in Orel Township, Wayne County. The river meanders wildly through the area, making it difficult to present a concise description of the relationship between the various tracts of land involved. For the purpose of this discussion, however, it is sufficient to say that generally speaking, plaintiff’s land lies downstream from the parcels owned by defendants. On the other hand, most of defendants’ property lies south of the river’s bank, while most of the land owned by plaintiff lies to the north. Although the question was disputed, evidence was presented which indicated that the topography is such that water falling upon the area would, if unobstructed, drain naturally in a southerly or southeasterly direction.
In 1977, defendants Kissner and Weaver erected a large earthen levee on their property. The levee began near the middle of their land next to a small body of water known as Horse Creek, extended to an area just short of the confluence of Horse Creek and the Skillet Fork River, then continued along the southern bank of the Skillet Fork River until it reached the eastern boundary of their property. Prior to this time, the Skillet Fork River was in the process of cutting a new channel in a southerly or southeasterly direction. There is no dispute that the purpose of the levee was to contain the water and to prevent the river from flooding across defendants’ ground.
The year after Kissner and Weaver finished their levee, defendant Rainwater began construction to extend the levee along that portion of the southern bank of the river which ran through his property. Construction of the Rainwater section was completed in the middle of 1979. Although the Illinois Department of Transportation, Division of Waterways, did not issue permits for the construction of any part of defendants’ levees, the evidence showed that the levees were not subject to the State’s permit requirements.
As they were intended to do, the levees obstructed the natural drainage pattern. This, in turn, caused injury to plaintiff’s property, which became noticeable almost immediately. Testimony established that after the levees were completed, the river channel became deeper and wider, and the water current became stronger. Increased erosion, washing and scouring of plaintiff’s land took place and, as a result, the quality of plaintiff’s soil deteriorated and the market value of his property declined. In 1986, plaintiff ultimately decided to bring legal action against defendants to obtain redress for these injuries. Plaintiff’s complaint, as amended, was in two counts. Both counts were based on the same factual allegations. They differed only in the type of relief requested. Count I sought a mandatory injunction to require defendants to remove the levee, while count II prayed for money damages.
In their answers to plaintiff’s complaint, defendants raised as an affirmative defense that plaintiff’s cause of action was untimely under the applicable statute of limitations. They subsequently amended their answers to raise as an additional affirmative defense that count I of plaintiffs complaint, which sought injunctive relief, was also barred by the doctrine of laches. In addition, defendant Rainwater filed a counterclaim for contribution against defendants Kissner and Weaver pursuant to the Contribution Among Joint Tortfeasors Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 70, pars. 301 through 305).
Defendants each moved for summary judgment as to count II of plaintiffs complaint, which sought money damages. The sole basis for defendants’ motions was that plaintiff had not filed suit until more than five years after the earthen levees had been constructed and that the suit was therefore barred by section 13—205 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, par. 13— 205), the statute of limitations applicable to actions to recover damages for injury to real property. Defendants’ motions were granted, and judgment was entered by the court in favor of defendants and against plaintiff on count II. On a motion by Kissner and Weaver, the court also dismissed Rainwater’s counterclaim for contribution.
After Kissner, Weaver, and Rainwater unsuccessfully attempted to obtain summary judgment in their favor on count I of plaintiff’s complaint, the cause proceeded to trial before the court, sitting without a jury, solely on the question of whether plaintiff was entitled to the injunctive relief he had requested. Following the trial, at which extensive testimony was adduced, the court found that plaintiff had proved the allegations of count I and that defendants’ levees, as constructed, improperly obstructed the natural water flow and caused injury to plaintiff’s land. The court further found that defendants had failed to establish that plaintiff was guilty of laches in asserting his claim. The court determined, however, that additional evidence was necessary in order to assess the extent of injunctive relief which should be granted. A subsequent hearing was therefore held on this question. Based on the evidence presented at the hearing, the circuit court determined that complete removal of the levees was not required. Instead, it simply ordered certain modifications to that portion of the levee located on Owen Rainwater’s property.
Both sides appealed, and the appellate court, with one judge concurring in the result only, and one judge dissenting, reversed and remanded to the trial court, concluding that where an obstruction to the natural flow of water is permanent in nature, all actions for redress for a permanent injury to real property, whether seeking monetary damages or injunctive relief, must be brought within the five-year period specified in section 13—205 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, par. 13—205). (
In order to clarify the relationship between the statute of limitations and the doctrine of laches, we feel compelled to address the availability of monetary damages. Both the trial and appellate courts wrongfully concluded that monetary damages were barred due to section 13—205 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, par. 13—205). Plaintiff, both before the appellate court and before this court, failed to raise and argue the availability of monetary damages. Issues not raised and argued before the appellate court are treated as waived. (Williams v. Consumers Co. (1933),
In relevant part, section 13—205 provides that actions to recover damages for an injury to real property must be commenced within five years after the cause of action accrues. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, par. 13—205.) Nevertheless, when exactly a cause of action accrues for the overflow of water onto land is an issue of much debate and conflicting views. (See
The law, as described above, developed for the most part from expansions upon decisions by this court occurring around the turn of the century in suits brought against the Sanitary District of Chicago. (See Shaw v. Sanitary District (1915),
The levees, as constructed by defendants, constitute a nuisance to plaintiff. Both the appellate court and defendants place some reliance upon the fact that at the time the levees were constructed, it was not necessary to first obtain construction permits. Section 29a of the Rivers, Lakes, and Streams Act provides in pertinent part that a levee existing in serviceable condition on July 1, 1985, may be maintained and repaired without a permit. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 19, par. 78.) Nevertheless, it is by no means true that an act constituting a nuisance must necessarily be in itself unlawful. While a lawful act will not constitute a public nuisance, it can nonetheless constitute a private nuisance. “[Wjhere one creates a nuisance, and permits it to remain, so long as it remains it is treated as a continuing wrong, and giving rise, over and over again, to causes of action.” (Simon v. Neises (1964),
It has long been settled by this court that before a prescriptive right to flood the lands of another can be sustained, it must be proven that: (1) the lands have been flooded for a period of 20 years or more; (2) the flooding was adverse and uninterrupted; and (3) the flooding took place with the knowledge and acquiescence of the land owner. (Wills v. Babb (1906),
In general, laches is such a neglect or omission to assert a right, taken in conjunction with a lapse of time of more or less duration, and other circumstances causing prejudice to an adverse party, as will operate to bar relief in equity. (Curtis v. Curtis (1947),
While an express statute of limitations addressing the time period necessary to create a prescriptive easement does not exist, it has always been held by this court to take 20 adverse and uninterrupted years for such a right to come into existence. (Wills v. Babb (1906),
The trial court, in the instant case, expressly found that defendants failed to prove laches by a preponderanee of the evidence. This determination should not be disturbed unless it was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Contrary to the appellate court’s conclusion that the plaintiff was guilty of laches, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in making its determination. In fact, defendants failed to show that they were in any way prejudiced by plaintiff’s delay in bringing suit. Since plaintiff’s suit was filed less than seven years after the construction of the levees and there are no extraordinary circumstances which justify shortening the limitation period below 20 years, plaintiff is entitled to injunctive relief.
In summation, plaintiff is entitled to litigate his claim for damages for such damages as accrued within five years preceding the filing of his law suit. We further determine that plaintiff’s claim for injunctive relief is not barred by laches. Since the appellate court did not rule on plaintiff’s cross-appeal regarding the sufficiency of the injunctive relief ordered by the trial court, we remand to the appellate court for determination of that issue and, thereafter, to the trial court for such further proceedings as may then be pertinent to the claim for injunctive relief and for further proceedings regarding plaintiff’s claim for monetary damages.
Appellate court reversed; cause remanded with directions.