98 Mo. App. 248 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1903
This ‘proceeding is an 'injunction to prevent the continuation of trespasses on real estate. A temporary writ was issued which, at the hearing in the trial court, was dissolved. A receiver was appointed to take charge of the property and collect
There is wide disagreement between the parties as to many of the facts in the case which tends somewhat to confuse an effort to ascertain the merits of the questions at issue. There are, however, certain matters going far towards a settlement of the controversy which are indisputable. These are that James T. Holmes was owner of the property, and that in December, 1900, he leased-it to defendant for a term of five years from January 1, 1901, who used it principally as baseball grounds and occasionally for playing games of football. The lease provided that defendant should “have all improvements on said property insured during the term of the lease in the sum of at least four thousand dollars. ’ ’ And that he would “pay all general taxes., state, county and city, which may be assessed against said premises during or for the said term of five years which the lease has to run, promptly when the same becomes due and payable.” The lease further provided that if these covenants were not kept it should be “forfeited at the option” of Holmes.
Holmes by a general warranty deed dated and acknowledged August 10, 1901, sold said property to the Western Cattle Brokerage Company; and that company, on November 9, 1901, sold it to the Metropolitan, this plaintiff. That James H. Arnold was the president and active manager of both these corporations. That on November 9, 1901, Holmes had served on defendant a written notice of forfeiture (dated November 4, 1901) on account of his having failed to pay the taxes for 1901, and to keep up said insurance. Each of the companies aforesaid had knowledge of defendant’s lease, and while the deeds are silent on that subject, they, in point of fact, bought subject to the lease.
The grounds had been in the ijnmediate charge of witness Meyers who lived in the clubhouse as defendant’s employee, and .who had so lived for five years, defendant having had the grounds under a former lease. He had charge of defendant’s property connected and used with the grounds. He removed from the premises on October 7, taking with him then, and
The evidence brought out in behalf of defendant tended to show that he had been in Washington City during the baseball season of 1901. That for that reason he had sublet the grounds to one Tebeau, and that after the close of the season he (as above stated) had given Dr. Shively permission to use the ground for practice purposes for a football team, with the understanding that he was to be paid twenty per cent of the gate receipts for any game played. . It was shown that Shively, too, had a watchman on the ground a great part of the time. That Shively had ordered plaintiff’s workmen to desist tearing down a stone wall on the north side of the grounds. That he was in and out of the grounds at different times in the month of October and up to the ninth of November when plaintiff took exclusive possession by locking the doors and gates. That on the twelfth of November he found no one in the grounds when he went in during the temporary absence of plaintiff’s watchman and endeavored to hold it to himself. He seems to have held possession in this way until the sixteenth, when plaintiff’s men again took possession. Defendant’s agents thereupon had plaintiff’s servants, including Arnold, the president, arrested on a charge of disturbing the peace. While under arrest Arnold signed a paper hereinafter set out acknowledging defendant’s right to the premises, whereupon he was discharged and the proceedings against him were thereupon stopped. Plaintiff thereupon, on November 27, began the present proceeding to enjoin defendant from trespassing' on the property.
Without going further into detail of evidence, certain matters may be stated as established facts. In stating these things we will consider the acts of ther Western Cattle Brokerage Company and the plaintiff company as one and the same as far as this plaintiff’s
I. The first question is, whether injunction is a proper remedy? We think that it is. Our statute provides : “The remedy by writ of injunction or prohibition shall exist in all cases where a cloud would be put on the title of real estate being sold under an execution against a person, partnership or corporation having no interest in such real estate subject to the execution at the time of sale, or an irreparable injury to real or personal property is threatened, and to prevent the doing of any legal wrong whatever, whenever in the opinion of the court an adequate remedy can not be afforded by an action for damages.” Sec. 3649, R. S. 1899.
2. Much has been said about the written notice of forfeiture of the lease and the time it was served on defendant in Washington City. But in point of fact a written notice was not necessary. The lease does not require such notice. It provides that'it may be forfeited at the option of Holmes, the lessor. The act of taking possession was an exercise of the option and was all the notice required. In view of the evidence in this case, it is quite unreasonable to say a written notice should be given when it was not called for by the paper itself. Clark v. Brookfield, 81 Mo. 503; Messersmith v. Messersmith, 22 Mo. 369.
3. Could this option be exercised by the grantees of the lessor? In this connection we may remark that in the progress of the trial the court made a statement, in passing on an objection to evidence, which necessarily led to the judgment afterwards entered for defendant. That was, that since there was no assignment of the lease by Holmes to the Western Cattle Brokerage
4. The next question necessary to consider is, was there grounds of forfeiture? The covenant was to keep the premises insured in a sum of not less than $4,000. Insurance was taken out in that sum, but was afterwards cancelled and was not again renewed b3r defendant. He offers as an excuse for such non-performance that it was plaintiff’s act in publicly proclaiming that the buildings and improvements were to be torn down and not rebuilt which caused the cancellation and which prevented him, after repeated efforts, from renewing. Plaintiff’s answer to this excuse is that defendant was bound by positive contract to insure and that he should have provided against the contingency which happened, and not having done so, he must abide by the terms specified. We are of the opinion that the rule of law invoked by plaintiff finds no application to a case where the party to the contract who is seeking to enforce it was, himself,- the cause of the breach of which he complains. Whether, in point of fact, plaintiff’s conduct was such as rendered performance by defendant impossible, we need not decide, since, in our opinion, the clause of forfeiture with respect to the non-payment of taxes will dispose of the case.
5. The provision in respect to the taxes was that defendant would pay all general taxes “promptly when the same became due and payable.” The state and
In Duncan v. Topham, 8 M. G. & S. 225, the plaintiff sued the defendant for the price of a shipment of goods, declaring in his declaration that they were to be •delivered “within a reasonable time.” The proof showed the contract to be that they were to be shipped
We are, therefore, satisfied that defendant’s covenant to pay the taxes “promptly when the same become-due and payable” can-not be extended into, or interpreted to mean, within a reasonable time after due. While we will not pretend to say what- limit of time the word “promptly” will include in reference to making-a payment; yet we do not understand it to include the,, perhaps, impossible, or the unreasonable, as that the-, payment should be made the instant it becomes payable.. But while that is true, it ought not, on the other hand,, to be contended that such word would permit of a delay stretching out into weeks, as in this case. The-word was introduced into the contract so as to make it obligatory on the part of the covenantor to make no-delay in payment of the taxes after they were payable,, and that he should proceed to adjust them at once.
6. But it is insisted that there could be no forfeiture for failure to pay taxes until there had been a. demand to pay them. The ground upon which such insistence is based is that when the lessee covenants to-pay taxes, such taxes are a part of the rent and that-under the law there, can be no forfeiture for non-payment of rent before demand therefor. Leaving out of view the'question whether a demand was not useless and unnecessary by reason of defendant’s position
The law is that there must he a demand for the payment of rent in order to work a forfeiture. This is the common law and it carries with it certain strict formalities wholly inapplicable to a demand for the payment of taxes, and it demonstrates that a demand for the payment of taxes is wholly impracticable within the rules governing a demand for the payment of rent, as such. The demand for rent must be upon the premises and on the last day upon which it is payable, and for the precise sum due, and it must be a continuous demand till sunset of that day. 1 Woodfall’s Lan. and Ten., 321; 2 Woods’ Lan. and Ten., 1035-1041; 2 Taylor’s Lan. and Ten., sec. 493. The demand for rent presupposes that it is something which the landlord may receive and for which he may acquit the tenant. It is money, or other thing, which the landlord has a right to receive; conditions inapplicable to taxes. The question has been before the courts and decided as here indicated. The case of Davis v. Burrell, 10 Common Bench 821, is quite similar to the one before us. The plaintiff- was defendant’s tenant of a public house, yard, stables and coach house, under a lease which contained covenants that the lessee Would pay rent, rates and taxes. During the temporary absence of the plaintiff’s servant, who had charge of the premises, defendant entered for breach of the covenant to pay rates, and put locks on the gates and outer doors. Plaintiff thereupon came to the premises accompanied by several men and attempted to force their way in; whereupon the defendant had plaintiff arrested and carried to the police station charged with willfully breaking .locks, etc. It was held that the landlord rightfully entered and was in rightful possession and
A demand was said to' be necessary in Jackson v. Harrison, 17 Johns. 66; but subsequently the error of that statement was pointed out, where it was held, in a well-considered case, that no demand was necessary. Gamer v. Hannah, 6 Duer. 262. And such was the conclusion of the Supreme Court of Minnesota after full examination into the reason of the matter. Byrane v. Rogers, 8 Minn. 281. And a like holding was had in Bacon v. Hamilton, 19 Utah 253.
In Tate v. Crowson, 6 Iredell 65, the distinction is made between covenants for a breach of which a forfeiture may be had without demand and those where there must be a demand. It is there said that where the act involves in any way the agency of the landlord, there must be a demand by him. But in those instances where there is no agency or act of the landlord connected with it, such as a covenant not to assign or to insure, there need be no demand, for the matter is, in such cases, wholly between the tenant and third persons. This statement of the law is directly applicable to a covenant by the tenant to pay taxes. In such case there is nothing the landlord could do. He has no agency or connection with such payment. He can neither enforce nor receive payment of the taxes. It
7. Defendant now, for the first time, insists that' the covenant to pay taxes was no more than a covenant to pay money, and that since he had subsequently paid the taxes he was entitled to relief against the forfeiture. He cites Messersmith v. Messersmith, 22 Mo. 369; Giles v. Austin, 62 N. Y. 486, and Noyes v. Anderson, 124 N. Y. 175, as sustaining him. The first of these cases was where the plaintiff sought, by a bill in equity, to forfeit defendant’s title to land and to cancel the deed thereto for breach of a covenant therein that “the grantee should provide for the grantor a good- and sufficient maintenance during his natural life.” The grantee had died without making a provision for the grantor’s support. But the heirs had offered to supply the' omission by making ample provision. The court after saying that “equity never lends its aid to enforce a forfeiture” and that the bill would be dismissed, proceeded to state the law applicable to any future proceedings which might be instituted, and held that where the breach was not willful and was without fault, the heirs had a remedy by answer to plaintiff’s suit in ejectment, setting up ability and willingness to provide for the plaintiff; or by an independent suit in equity based on that ground.'
The second of those cases was where the lessor brought ejectment to enforce forfeiture of a lease for non-payment of taxes, and the court held that where the non-payment was a mere omission and not an act of willful bad faith, the lessee could obtain relief from the forfeiture by answer to the ejectment suit, or an independent action in equity setting up the omission to pay and that all payments had been subsequently made.
The last of those cases was decided by the same court. It was an action to foreclose a mortgage. The answer set up that the mortgagee had agreed that só
It will be noticed that those are cases where there was an independent action setting up cause and excuse for relief against an attempted forfeiture; or where the same thing was set up by answer in a case seeking to declare a forfeiture. They are cases where'the act was confessed and matter of equitable excuse, or, we might say, avoidance, was especially set up, not in denial of the plaintiff’s case, but rather in avoidance of it. In the present case defendant has not asked to be relieved of a forfeiture. In the trial court he never, by plea or otherwise, intimated a desire to be relieved. He has, on the contrary, stoutly maintained from the outset, that there had neither been a forfeiture, nor a cause for a forfeiture. H¿ now seeks relief which he never asked and which would be in the face of his position taken from the beginning of the controversy.
Whether in this State, at this time, a defense of the nature of those just referred to would have to be set up in the lessee’s answer, or whether it could be omitted there and subsequently be made the object of an independent action, need not be decided. Neither do we undertake to say that defendant had any cause for equitable relief, within the meaning of the cases just commented on, at the time the present bill was filed, especially in view of the nature of the contest between the parties after the sale by Holmes. The taxes were not paid by defendant until after the contest was approaching the end, and several days after plaintiff’s
In Illingworth v. Miltenberger, 11 Mo. 80, the provisions of a lease permitted the lessor to forfeit it if the rent was not paid within ten days after becoming due. A tender of the rent had been made before the rent was due, which the court held the lessor was under no obligation to accept at that time. The rent then became due and not being paid at the end of ten days, the lessor declared the lease forfeited. In a few days thereafter a tender of the rent was made by the lessee, but the court held that such tender‘and offer to pay the-rent, “could avail him nothing, inasmuch as a forfeiture had been declared.” But, as stated, it is not necessary to pass upon this question, since it is a matter outside the case made by the defendant himself as developed in the record.
8. We have already seen that an entry was sufficient exercise of the option of forfeiture to make the forfeiture'complete. But as trespass (the thing complained of here) is primarily an offense against one’s possession, it is necessary that plaintiff must not only have entered and thus signified his- election to forfeit the lease, but it must have acquired a possession. We are satisfied that it did. Leaving out of view the evidence as to plaintiff employing a watchman and putting him in charge of the premises, and that it had a force of employees engaged in tearing down the stone wall on the north; not considering that part of the evidence which tends to show that each party was endeavoring to have the premises kept under the care of their respective servants at the same time; it yet remains as a fact, indisputable, that plaintiff was in the undisturbed possession, from the ninth to the twelfth of November, if not from the first of that month; that it exercised possessory acts in various ways, including the letting of the ground for practice and for games and taking the receipts. And this was not all. The
■ 9. But it is well to add that the position taken by defendant that plaintiff sliQuld not be allowed to prevail by reason of the rule that equity never declares a forfeiture, is, we think, a misconception of the status of the case. Plaintiff is not seeking to have a court of equity declare or enforce a forfeiture. That has been already done by plaintiff in making entry and taking possession. Plaintiff is only seeking now to prevent a recurrence of trespasses made upon a possession he secured after forfeiture.
10. The following written rhtification and confirmation of the lease made by Arnold while under arrest, and already referred to, is a part of defendant’s case.
“Kansas City, Mo., Nov. 16, 1901.
“The foregoing lease, which is a copy of the lease between James T. Holmes and James H. Manning for the premises described therein, is hereby ratified and confirmed. Said lease to expire and possession of said premises to 'be surrendered by said Manning on first day of December, 1901, until which date said Manning shall have quiet and exclusive possession of said premises, and the Metropolitan Land Company agrees to
“11:40 p. m. (Signed) “Metropolitan Land Co.
“By Jas. H. Arnold, Pt.”
We are of the opinion, that it should not be regarded. The only consideration for it was that Arnold should be released from arrest and his prosecution dropped. This was clearly illegal. An agreement founded upon one party to it abstaining from a prosecution, or to dismiss one already begun, is void. Sumner v. Summers, 54 Mo. 346; Baker v. Farris, 61 Mo. 390; Partridge v. Hood, 120 Mass. 403.
Plaintiff being entitled to the undisturbed possession of the property, the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded with directions that the trial court make all necessary orders in discharge of the receivership and render judgment for the plaintiff.