- Opinion of the Court by
Affirming the judgment in each case.
On Junе 25,1924, the appellant and defendant below, Metropolitan Casualty Insurance Company of New York, issued its indemnity policy to one Ira Mimms in Paducah, Kentucky, whereby in consideration of the premium paid by him it agreed to indemnify him against all damages in consequence of accidents to persons'or property produced by the operation of a Cadillac automobile that he owned, under prescribed conditions, and the policy contained certain limitations as to the persons or property injured or damaged, but. none of which apply to. the character of accident involved in these 'Cases and no further notice will be taken of them. The amount of indemnity for injury or death to any one person was limited to $5,000.00, and the amount of damages to property of a single person *17 growing out of one accident was limited to tbe sum of $1,000.00. The defendant also agreed in its policy to defend in tbe name and on behalf of tbe assured any suit brought against him to enfоrce a claim covered by tbe policy, “whether groundless or not, on account of damages suffered or alleged to be suffered under tbe circumstances hereinbefore described,” and to pay tbe expenses incurred in defending any suit against tbe assured to collect damages for any claim covered by tbe policy. It was also stipulated as a part of tbe policy that “ (5) Tbe insolvency or bankruptcy of tbe assured hereunder shall not release tbe compаny from tbe payment of damages for injuries sustained or loss occasioned during tbe life of this policy, and in case execution against tbe assured is returned unsatisfied because of such insolvency or bankruptcy in an action brought by tbe injured or bis or her personal representative in case death results from tbe accident, then an action may be maintained by tbe injured person or bis or her personal representative against tbe company under tbe terms of tbe policy for tbe amount of tbe judgment in tbe said action not exceeding tbe amount of tbe policy.”
On August 8,1924, and while tbe policy was in force and effect, assured’s automobile that was covered by tbe policy collided on one of tbe streets of Paducаh with an automobile owned by appellee and plaintiff below, W. D. Albritton, and which was being driven at tbe time by bis wife, tbe appellee and plaintiff below, Mary Albritton, resulting in personal injuries to her and damages to her husband’s automobile that she was driving. Each plaintiff brought separate suits against Mimms, tbe husband, to recover damages to bis automobile, and. the wife to recover damages for her personal injuries, upon tbe ground that tbe accident was produced by the negligence of tbe assured in оperating bis indemnified automobile. Assured, according to tbe terms of tbe policy, immediately notified defendant’of tbe bringing of those actions and it took chárge of their defense, as it bad agreed to do in its policy. It not only employed defending сounsel, but be filed tbe defense and conducted tbe trials throughout,, which resulted in a judgment in favor of tbe husband for tbe sum of $513.00 and costs, and one in favor of tbe wife for tbe sum of $2,000.00 and costs. Execution was issued upon each judgment and a return made thereon by tbe sheriff of “no property’found,” whereupon plaintiffs filed these two actions against defendant under inserted *18 clause (5) above of the policy to recover the amount of each judgment, with interest.
The petitions alleged the facts, the substаnce of which we have stated, and the court overruled demurrers filed thereto. The answers denied the negligence of Mimms in producing the accident, and perhaps some other matters, and in a second paragraph defendant allеged and relied on section 5 of paragraph B of the policy saying: “Whenever requested by the company, the assured shall aid in securing information, evidence and the attendance of witnesses in effecting settlements and in defending suits hereinbefore referred to. The assured shall at all times render to the company all reasonable co-operation and assistance.” It was then averred that after the service of summons on Mirm-ns and his notification of the company he disаppeared and declined and refused to render the assistance provided for by that section and because thereof he lost his right of indemnity under the policy. An amendment to that paragraph, after a demurrer was sustained to it, further avеrred that plaintiffs herein were only entitled under the policy to be subrogated to the rights of Mimms and that anything that destroyed his rights to indemnity under the policy operated also to destroy those of plaintiffs. The demurrer was sustained to the paragraph аs so amended and with which was filed, as an exhibit, the stenographer’s transcript of the testimony heard at the original trials of the cases against Mimms. The cases were then submitted to the court, who rendered judgment against defendant in each case fоr the full amount claimed, and to reverse those judgments defendant appeals. The cases were heard together in the court below and by stipulation it was agreed that they might be so heard in this court.
The chief complaints made on this appeal are, (1) that the court erred in sustaining the demurrer to. the second paragraph of the answer as amended, which, as we have seen, relied on section 5 of paragraph B in the policy (inserted above) stipulating for assured’s cO-оperation and assistance in the two cases against him, and (2) that the evidence heard upon those trials showed that Mrs. Albritton, who was driving her husband’s machine, was herself guilty of contributory negligence sufficient to defeat recovery. Other minor questions аre argued, but we do not deem them as sufficiently material to enlist our attention or to deserve discussion, and we will confine this opinion to a consideration of the two complaints named.
*19 The first one proceeds upon the theory that nеither plaintiff has any rights under the policy except that of subrogation to those of Mimms, the assured, under it, and which we are convinced is altogether erroneous. The excerpt above, taken from the policy conferring a right of actiоn upon the injured person against the company (defendant) in case of insolvency or bankruptcy of assured, was a stipulation for the exclusive benefit of such injured person, and it thereby created under the policy a (dual obligation on the company in the event of the conditions named; one to the damaged person because of the accident growing out of either personal injuries or property lost; and the other to the assured, and those obligations when they arose under the policy were totally independent of each other. Neither the assured by anything he might do could defeat plaintiff’s cause of action under that clause and, likewise, nothing they might do could defeat his right of action when it aсcrued by paying the judgments against him. Besides, it is doubtful if the results would be different if we construed the policy to unify in every particular the rights of the damaged person and those of the assured without a showing that the failure to render the stipulated assistance rеsulted in judgments against him. No such pretense is made in this case, either by pleading or proof, nor is it attempted to be shown that any fact material to the defense of the suits against Mimms was omitted or undeveloped on those trials. But be those matters аs they may, there can be no doubt about the correctness of our interpretation of the policy, and the court did not err in its ruling sustaining the demurrer to the second paragraph of the answer as amended.
Complaint (2) is equally without merit for two reasons: One, that we do not 'Construe the evidence heard on the trials against Mimms as conclusively establishing contributory negligence on the part of Mrs. Albritton, the driver of her husband (s automobile at the time of the accident ; and the other one is that dеfendant is bound by the judgments in the cases against Mimms, and can not relitigate the question of Mrs. Albritton’s negligence in the instant cases. Independently of any policy provisions, it is a rule that one who participates in litigation and openly and actively аssumes and manages its prosecution or defense, although a stranger to it, is concluded by the judgment rendered therein.
*20
The text in 34 C. J., page 1006, in stating that doctrine, says: “A person who is not made a defendant of record and is not in privity with a party to the action may, as a general rule, subject himself to be concluded by the result of the litigation if he openly and actively, and in respect to some interest of his own, assumes and manages the defense .of the action, although there is authority to the сontrary. But to bring about this result it is necessary that the person so intervening should do so for the assertion or protection of some interest or right of his own or to escape some ultimate liability on his own p'art; that he should defend the action oрenly and avowedly and with notice to the adverse party; and that he should be practically substituted for defendant in the management and control of the case.” Kentucky cases cited in the note to the text are Amburgey v. Adams,
But it is also the further rule that a
res judicata
estoppel operates against a person who is responsible over to one of the litigants, either by operation of law or by express contract whenever such, one has notice of the litigation and an opportunity to appear and defend. That doctrine is thus stated in the text of the same book, page 1031, paragraph 1463: “Where a person who is responsible over, either by operation of law or express contract, to another for whatever may be recovered in a suit against such other, has notice of a suit аgainst the latter and an opportunity to appear and defend, the judgment rendered in the action, if obtained without fraud, will be conclusive on him, whether he appeared or not. In such case the person responsible over is no longеr regarded as a stranger, because' he has the right to appear and defend the action, and has the.same means of controverting the claim as if he were a formal party to the record, and it would be unreasonable to pеrmit him to contest the justice of the claim in the suit against himself, after having neglected or failed to show its injustice in the suit against the person to whom he is responsible over. The rule is an extension of the doctrine that all who are parties to a. judiсial record are bound by the judgment, and it rests on the same foundation, namely,
*21
the'necessity that there he an end of litigation.” But, in order for the judgment in that character of case to have such effect the one responsible over and who becomes bound thereby must have had previous notice or knowledge of the action and an opportunity to defend it, and when those prerequisites are complied with he is bound by the judgment as effectually as if he had been a party of record. And so, the text of the same authority, on page 1033, paragraph 1465, says: “Notice or knowledge of the action and an opportunity to defend are necessary to render a judgment conclusive on a person responsible over, unless he has expressly stipulated to abide by the result of the litigation.’’’ See also the cases of Morgan v. Simmons, 3 J. J. Marsh. 611; Jones v. Henry,
Binding no error prejudicial to the substantial rights of the defendant, the judgment in each case is affirmed.