Action to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by Melvin Mesedahl, incompetent, alleged to have been caused by the negligence of the employes of the defendant hospital association. The case was tried to a court and a jury. , A verdict for $24,648 was returned in favor of plaintiff. The trial court ordered a new trial unless plaintiff consented to a reduction оf the verdict to $16,000. Plaintiff duly consented to the verdict as reduced. Defendant appeals from an order denying its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial. The main question involved is whether the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to plaintiff, supports a finding of negligence, and hence liability, on the part of defendant.
Plaintiff (36 years of age) received the injuries for which damages are here sought as a result of jumping out of a window in his room on the third floor of the hospital building while a patient therein for a few days’ rest because of a nervous and depressed condition. He was seriously injured. The complaint charged that defendant carelessly, negligently, and unskillfully cared for, treated, and attended plaintiff while he was mentally deranged, delirious, and not in possession of his mental faculties, all of which was well known to defendant.
Defendant is a general hospital, operated and maintained for the care and treatment of medical, surgical, obstetrical, and pediatric cases. It did not take upon itself the curing of any disease, either by medicinal treatment or surgical operation; it was merely a place where physicians practicing their profession in Duluth and surrounding territory sent patients under their care; the hospital attendants performed routine services and carried out the instructions of the attending physician. Patients were not furnished with a nurse in constant attendance unless requested. What a patient may expect when entering a hospital such as defendant and what
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the duties of such a hospital are toward the pаtient are stated in Mulliner v. Evangelischer Diakonniessenverein,
“When a patient enters such a hospital, knowing that the number of nurses is less than the number of patients, he may not expect constant attendance, but the patient is entitled to such reasonable attention as his safety may require. * *' * If the patient is temporarily bereft of reason, and is known by the hospital authorities to be in danger оf self-destruction, the authorities are in duty bound to use reasonable care to prevent such an act.”
To the above may be added that if the actions of the patient are such that a reasonably prudent person should have under the circumstances anticipated an inclination on the part of the patient to attempt to escape or commit suicide, then rеasonable care should have been exercised to prevent such act. St. Mary’s Hospital v. Scanlon (C. C. A.) 71 F. (2d) 739; Harris v. Woman’s Hospital (Com. Pl.) 14 N. Y. S. 881; Davis v. Springfield Hospital (Mo. App.)
With the above rules in mind, Ave proceed to consider the evidence relative to facts knoAvn to defendant before the patient jumped from the AvindoAv. On February 15, 1931, Melvin Mesedahl was left at defendant’s hospital by his brother Halvor, who asked that he be admitted as a patient therein, apparently informing the person Avho took charge of Melvin that he was a patient of Dr. Bichard Johnson. Halvor did not accompany his brother to the room assigned to him, nor did he state the nature of Melvin’s ailment. Dr. Bichard Johnson was notified by the hospital, and instructions as to the care and treatment of Melvin were given by *201 him.' His directions, as recorded bn the “doctors’ order sheet,” were:
“(1) Ampule sodium amytol stat.'
“(2) Ex 87813—2 tsp. after each meal.
“(3) Ex 87814 gtts. 15 3x before each meal.
“(4) Strict bed rest, no visitors.
“(5) Complete blood and urine.
“(6) General diet.”
These instructions were carried out; visitors were excluded from plaintiff’s .room, except the first evening, when his wife and brother visited him, and on the morning of the 17th, when his wife again called. No further instructions were given by Dr. Johnson nor by either of his associates who visited plaintiff while at the hospital as hereinafter noted. A history of the case was not taken by hospital attendants, -nor was any information given them by anyone relative to plaintiff’s illness, previous conditions, or actions.
Plaintiff was first assigned to a ward room on the second (surgical) floor. At 1:30 p. m. February 18, he was moved to a single room on the third (medical) floor. He should have been given such a room in the first instance, and would have been but for the lack of a vacant single room at that time. The latter room had but one window. Prior to plaintiff’s removal thereto bars had been placеd on the outside of the lower half of the window and in such a manner as to prevent the lowering of the upper half more than a feiv inches. The lower sill of the window was 29 inches from the floor; the lower half of the window was 44 inches high and the upper half 42 inches high. Plaintiff apparently broke the g-lass in the upper half and jumped out over the bars protecting the lower pane. Miss Medjo, a graduаte nurse, in charge of the third floor, testified that the bars were placed on the window at the instructions of the supervisor and that such action was taken in all cases of nervous patients.
The nurses’ record chart (an exhibit) indicates that plaintiff had a “good night” the 15th and also the 16th; that he had a “good day” on the 17th, and at 10 o’clock that night he was “sleeping.” Then appears the following notation:
*202 “A. M. 3 [18th] Awake—talks very peculiarly—Eyes have wild glare—restless—-Very depressed—Seen by Dr. Cowen [an interne] .”
The nurse who made that notation (Mrs. Birkeland) testified that plaintiff was very restless and unable to sleep; that he confided in her different things about his private life and wanted her to tell his wife that he had not been untrue to her and “talked things like that”; that he had a wild look in his eyes which she had not noticed befоre. She called the night supervisor and informed her Avhat she had observed. Dr. CoAven then came to plaintiff’s room, ordered a sedative, and it was given to him. When Mrs. Birkeland Avent off duty at seA^en o’clock that morning she reported the incident to the day supervisor and the day nurses. The nurses’ record chart for the remainder of the 18th, here material, bears the following comment:
“A. M. 5 — AAvake.
6 — Fairly good night.
8 — Does not seem so depressed * * *.
Visited by Drs. Olson & West [Dr. Johnson’s associates].
Patient very depressed—Wants to make a confession.
“P. M. 1:30 Transferred to 332W.
Bars put on AvindoAV.
4:00 Very depressed.
Talks very little.
á:30 Patient jumped from window over bars.”
On the third floor, in addition to Miss Mеdjo and the supervisor, were four student nurses. No nurse remained in constant attendance. Miss Medjo was in and out of the room every 30 or 40 minutes, and it is inferable from the record that the student nurses looked in from time to time. No restraints to confine plaintiff to his bed Avere used. Miss Medjo testified that sometimes she talked to him; at other times merely looked in to see if he was all right; that at all times he Avas lying down in bed except once. That time he Avas sitting on the edge of the bed, his face in his hands, *203 Ms feet over the edge of the bed blit not touching the floor. She asked Mm to lie down and rest, and he did so without saying anything. The last time she visited him before the accident, which occurred at 4:30 p. m., was shortly, before four o’clock. At that time he was lying quietly in bed, “looking around, looking at the ceiling.”' He did not talk to her. Shortly before four o’clock Miss Hanson, a student nurse, in passing by the open door to plaintiff’s room, observed him sitting on the edge of the bed, “his feet dangling, not -touching the floor.” She asked him to get into bed and lie down, which he did without saying anything. At about four o’clock another student nurse, Miss Appelby, visited plaintiff’s room and gave him a liquid medication in a glass. He raised up on his elbow, took the glass from her, drank the contents thereоf, and lay down again." Miss Medjo testified that shortly after her last visit to the room she heard a loud noise, rushed to a room where she had a pneiimonia patient who was irrational, and found that the noise did not come from there. A visitor in a near-by room came out and told her that a man had jumped out of the window in the next room. She then went to plaintiff’s room and saw the bed empty, the upper рane of the window broken, and the curtain rod down. The rest of the room, including the lower half of the Avin-dow and the bars thereon, was not disturbed.
An interne made a physical examination of plaintiff on the 18th, apparently while he was still in the Avard room on the second floor. In addition to the report on plaintiff’s physical condition, the interne made the following comment:
“Patient is a white male of stаted age; Avell developed; well nourished, walking about. Appears to be much depressed, is very restless; is walking about ward. Asking for folks to be sent for & asking that they be told to pray for him. Seems to think that he has done something wrong & wants to confess. * *
We are of the opinion that the known facts were not such as to charge the hospital authorities with negligence in not anticipating that plaintiff Avas contemplating escape or self-destruction. A reasonably prudent general hospital nurse or interne could not have *204 expected that plaintiff under the circumstances would suddenly jump out of bed, step up on the window sill, climb over the large lower half of the window, break the glass in the upper half, and throAV himself out therefrom. Such act Avas unforeseeable to a mind not specially trained in casеs of mental disorder. Dr. Julius Johnson, an expert in nervous and mental diseases, called on behalf of plaintiff, testified that a few days before the trial, when plaintiff Avas much improved mentally, he questioned plaintiff in an effort to determine his mental condition. He stated that plaintiff described to him hoAv he Avent out of the AvindoAv; that it was “decided very quickly. It took him just a matter of a feAV moments to decide what to do.” There were no overt acts on the part of plaintiff such as would Avarn the hospital attendants of a tendency on his part to do himself harm. If his apparent attempts to get out of bed can be attributed ^to anything more than restlessness, his ready compliance Avith the admonitions of the nurses indicates that he was amenable to reason shortly before the accident.
As to plаintiff's condition, the attending physicians kneAV as much as, or more than, did the hospital authorities. They gave no instructions to apply restraints, nor did they direct that the bars be put on the AvindoAv. The nurses and internes at a general hospital are charged Avith the duty of carrying out the instructions of the attending physician, except in cases of emergency. Such of necessity must be the rule. When a patient enters a hospital upon the advice of a physician chosen by him, he naturally desires and expects, and has the right to expect, that the instructions of his physician Avill be complied Avith. He relies upon the skill of his own doctor; he knoAvs nothing of the ability of the internes and nurses. Where an emergency arises it is of course incumbent upon the nurses or internes to exercise their own judgment until report сan be made to and instructions received from the attending physician. Such, the eAddence shows, was the practice at defendants hospital. There is nothing in the evidence indicating an emergency. If the actions and appearance of plaintiff early on the morning of the 18th Avere such as to suggest that emergency measures be taken, the nurse then in charge promptly did so. She сalled the super *205 visor, and a sedative was promptly given, after which the patient apparently 'slept until five a. m., and at eight a. m. appeared to he “not so depressed.” The associates of the attending physician-visited plaintiff after the notation had been made upon the chart relative to the wild glare in plaintiff’s eyes, his restlessness, etc. The evidence shows that chаrts of this kind are kept for the information- of the doctors, and presumably they read what had been entered thereon. The attending physician was not permitted to testify because of his statutory incompetency, successfully urged by plaintiff. However, hospital records bearing notations made by him and by his associate Dr. Olson were introduced by plaintiff and received in evidence. On the “progress sheet,” under date of February 15 there is a notation made by Dr. Richard Johnson as folloivs:
“Patient seen in the office [doctor’s office] moderate depression and quite restless, wanted to come to hospital. He had a similar spell one year ago.”
Below that is a notation dated February 18 by Dr. Olson:
“Pt. ‘wishes to confess.’ Has forged a check on his brother gone to Canada; to Superior in ‘sporting district’; and other things ‘if I wmnt to ask about thеm.’ ”
Certainly, when experienced doctors, in charge of the case, with knowledge of all that had occurred, did not consider restraints necessary, it was not for the nurses or internes to take it upon themselves to apply restraints upon a patient Avho had not displayed a proneness to do himself or anyone else injury. It is conceivable that application of restraints upon the person of one who-is already nervous may induce an overwhelming desire to fight against the bonds, thereby doing himself more harm than good. The advisability of applying restraints should rest in the discretion of the attending physician. With respect of the duty of hospital attendants to obey instructions of 'the physician in charge of the patient, it is stated in Byrd v. Marion General Hospital,
*206 “The great weight of authоrity, however, establishes the principle that nurses, in the discharge of their duties, must obey and diligently execute the orders of the physician or surgeon in charge of the patient, unless, of course, such order was so obviously negligent as to lead any reasonable person to anticipate that substantial injury would result to the patient from the execution of such order or performance of such direction. Certainly, if a physician or surgeon should order a nurse to stick fire to a patient, no nurse would be protected from liability for damages for undertaking to carry out the orders of the physician. The law contemplates that the physician is solely responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of his patient. Nurses are not supposed to be experts in the technique of diagnosis or the mechanics of treatment.”
Cases cited in the fore part of this opinion support the vieivs we have expressed. The facts in some of those cases were not as favorable to the defendants therein as are those in the instant case. In none of them had bars been placed upon the window from which the patient jumped. In some of them thp circumstances wеre such that had they been present here it may be that our conclusion would be different. Each case, however, must be decided upon its own facts, under general applicable principles of law. Nothing occurred here before the accident that would suggest to the ordinary prudent person under like circumstances that plaintiff was .suffering from suicidal mania.
Dr. Julius Johnson, the expert called on behalf of plaintiff, testified that he was suffering from “manic depressive insanity.” T-Tis testimony was given after hearing that of plaintiff’s relatives. Plaintiff’s wife testified that plaintiff had confided in her an intention “to do away with himself.” She related other circumstances indicative of a proneness to suicide, as did also plaintiff’s brothers. There was testimony that earlier on the day he was taken to the hоspital plaintiff had fainted in church, after which he was taken to Dr. Richard Johnson’s office. On the way from the doctor’s office to the hospital he leaped from the car and ran to a policeman on the curb, stating to him that he wished to confess. Dr. Julius Johnson, the expert, testified:
*207 “As I understand it, he [plaintiff] had talked of suicide before. He had run out of the car and talked to the policeman for the purpose of confession. He had these ideas in church there that someone was doing something, which was a false conception probably, and in my opinion there was enough clue there to form an opinion that this man was a prone case for protection, that needed protection.”
On cross-examination he’ stated that his opinion that proteсtion was necessary was based upon his examination of plaintiff made the day before the trial and upon the previous testimony in the case. The opinion of the expert, based as it is upon facts not in the possession of the hospital authorities, is of no probative value upon the issue of defendant’s negligence unless defendant was charged with the duty of ascertaining the history оf plaintiff’s case at the time of his entry. Looking backward after an event has taken place and after all the facts leading up to it are disclosed, the cause thereof becomes much more apparent than is the likelihood of its occurring when looking forward before the event happens. After all the evidence was in, it needed not an expert to say that plaintiff must have been suffering from some mental delusion impelling physical violence. And though an expert of Dr. Julius Johnson’s diagnostic skill may have, upon the facts known to the hospital nurses and internes, concluded that plaintiff might be contemplating self-injury, it does not place negligence upon ordinary general hospital attendants for failing to reach a like conclusion..
We do not agree with rеspondent that'the employes of defendant in the exercise of reasonable care should have ascertained plaintiff’s condition previous to his entry into the hospital. To do so-would have required interviewing’ relatives. Plaintiff was left at. the hospital by his brother without a word of information as to his-ailment. The instructions received from his doctor indicated nothing more than that plaintiff was in need of rest. He was under Dr. Johnson’s care, who presumably was aware of his patient’s condition. Dr. Johnson was not an employe of the defendant as. *208 far as the record shows. His negligence, if any there was, cannot be imputed to defendant. If defendant Avas a hospital maintained and operated for the purpose of treating and curing diseases, physical and mental, and having its own staff of doctors and specialists for that purpose, it probably Avould be its duty to ascertain all it could cpncerning an entering patient’s previous history, especially so with respect to hospitals specializing in the cure of mental disorders. In the instant case plaintiff’s relatives must be charged with knoAving the nature of the services rendered by defendant; that no one AAmuld be in constant attеndance; that defendant di’d not specialize in mental cases generally and kneAV nothing of plaintiff’s case particularly. It Avould be a harsh rule indeed that Avould charge the authorities of a general hospital to go in search of the relatives of every patient entering it under the care of a physician of his OAvn or his relatives’ selection and to ascertain, independently of thе attending physician, the nature of the patient’s ailment and then to exercise their OAvn judgment as to treatment required.
Many cases cited by respondent involve hospitals specializing in and equipped for the treatment of mental cases and are not helpful. As before indicated, a different rule applies. Other cases cited are clearly distinguishable upon the facts. We are forced to the conclusion that there should be judgment notwithstanding the verdict. It is so ordered.
Reversed.