This is a diversity case involving a dispute over insurance coverage. Mesa Oil, Inc. (“Mesa”), a New Mexico oil recycler, purchased Comprehensive General Liability (“CGL”) policies from Insurance Company of North America (“INA”) 1 for two one-year terms during the early 1980’s. The policies contained general pollution exclusions as well as specific endorsements excluding from coverage liability resulting from the discharge of oil into bodies of water.
While it was insured by INA, Mesa sold used oil to Ekotek, a Utah oil recycler. Ekotek’s facility in Utah was subsequently declared a Superfund site, and Mesa was identified by the EPA as a Potentially Responsible Party (“PRP”). Mesa entered a $193,000 settlement with the EPA as a de minimis responsible party, and later was sued by other PRP’s for a greater contribution to the cleanup costs. Mesa then filed this action against INA seeking coverage for the $193,000 EPA settlement and a defense to the PRP suit. Upon INA’s motion *1335 for summary judgment, the district court granted the motion on the basis of the pollution exclusion.
Mesa now appeals, claiming that the pollution exclusion was inapplicable on the facts of this case and that in any event INA had a duty to defend regardless whether it would in the end be required to indemnify Mesa for any liability incurred. Because we believe that, under New Mexico law, the pollution exclusion excludes coverage in this situation, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Between November 29, 1982 and March 1, 1984, Mesa Oil, Inc. (“Mesa”), an oil recycler based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, sold twelve shipments of lubricant feedstock processed from used oil to Ekotek, Inc., a Utah-based oil recycler. None of these shipments were transported by Mesa or its agents. The average volume of each shipment was 6,773 gallons. It was Mesa’s understanding that, upon receiving the oil, Ekotek would refine it and resell it as automotive lubricants.
Ekotek mishandled oil at its Utah facility for many years, and this led to high levels of soil and groundwater contamination. 2 Eventually, the Ekotek facility was declared a Superfund site (“the Ekotek site”) pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”), 42 U.S.C. § 9601-57. Under CERCLA, Potentially Responsible Parties (“PRPs”) are jointly and severally liable for cleanup and response costs. 3 Mesa was identified by the EPA as one of the PRPs for the Ekotek site.
On May 20, 1994, the EPÁ offered Mesa what it characterized as a de minimis settlement to resolve Mesa’s liability for oil eon-tributed to the Ekotek site. According to a letter from the EPA describing the settlement, the offer was intended to permit Mesa to “resolve [its] liability through payment of a portion of the cleanup costs, in proportion to the waste [it] contributed.” The terms of the settlement provided that EPA would release all claims against Mesa for the Ekotek site in exchange for $193,000. Mesa accepted the settlement on October 21,1994.
On May 24, 1994, Mesa was named as a defendant in a lawsuit brought by a group of other PRPs known as the Ekotek Site PRP Committee. That suit sought a contribution from Mesa toward the costs of investigation and cleanup at the Ekotek site. According to the complaint, the plaintiffs had by the time the suit was filed already incurred $12,-500,000 in cleanup costs.
After the PRP Committee suit was brought, Mesa notified INA that it was seeking a defense and indemnification for both the EPA and PRP Committee claims. Between October 12,1982 and October 12,1984, a time period which coincided with the twelve Ekotek shipments, INA carried Mesa’s General Comprehensive Liability (“CGL”) insurance, which was purchased as two separate one-year policies and generally provided coverage for property damage or bodily injuries at Mesa’s facilities or caused by Mesa’s products, subject to certain exceptions.
Three clauses contained in both policies are relevant to this dispute. First, each policy contained a clause setting out INA’s scope of coverage:
The Company will pay on behalf of the Insured all sums which the Insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of
A. bodily injury or
B. property damage
*1336 to which this insurance applies, caused by an occurrence and the Company shall, have the right and duty to defend any suit against the Insured seeking damages on account of such bodily injury or property damage, even if any of the allegations of the suit are groundless, false or fraudulent, and may make such investigation and settlement of any claim or suit as it deems expedient, but the Company shall not be obligated to pay any claim or judgment or to defend any suit after the applicable limit of the Company’s liability has been exhausted by payment of judgments or settlements.
(Aplt.App. at 51).
Second, each policy contained a standard clause known as a “pollution exclusion clause,” which read as follows:
This insurance does not apply: ... (f) to bodily injury or property damage arising out of the discharge, dispersal, release or escape of smoke, vapors, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis, toxic chemicals, liquids or gases, waste materials or other irritants, contaminants or pollutants into or upon the land, the atmosphere or any water course or body of water; but this exclusion does not apply if such discharge, dispersal, release or escape is sudden and accidental.
(ApltApp. at 51).
Third, each policy contained a supplementary oil exclusion, which reads as follows:
It is agreed that, if with respect to operations described in this endorsement there is a discharge, dispersal, release or escape of oil or other petroleum substance or derivative (including any oil refuse or oil mixed with wastes) into or upon any watercourse, body of water, bog, marsh, swamp or wetland, the insurance does not apply to bodily injury or property damage arising out of such discharge, dispersal, release or escape whether or not sudden and accidental.
(ApltApp. at 59).
INA denied Mesa’s request for coverage, claiming that under the pollution exclusion and the supplementary exclusion it was not obligated either to provide coverage or to defend Mesa against the EPA and PRP Committee actions. INA recited evidence that discharges at the Ekotek site were gradual and continuous over many years, and that the pollution was the result of continuing business practices of Ekotek and others at that site. The record does not reflect that Mesa disputed these factual representations, although it did challenge the legal conclusion that the pollution exclusion and the supplementary exclusion applied to its claims. Mesa filed a complaint in New Mexico state court seeking coverage for the EPA settlement and a defense to the PRP Committee suit. INA, along with several other defendants who were then involved in the case, removed the action to the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico on the basis of diversity. The defendants then filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) to transfer the case to the District of Utah, which the New Mexico District Court granted.
INA then filed a motion for summary judgment, claiming that the pollution exclusion and supplementary exclusion precluded coverage for liability arising out of the Eko-tek cleanup because the soil and groundwater contamination caused by Ekotek was not “sudden and accidental” within the meaning of those provisions, but rather was long-term, gradual and caused by the reckless and intentional activities of Ekotek.
The district court granted INA’s motion for summary judgment in a decision rendered from the bench without a written opinion. The court found that while no New Mexico court had interpreted the pollution exclusion, the pollution clause was unambiguous and applicable to the facts of this case. The court concluded that “a reasonable insured would not believe that it would be covered in a situation such as the one at hand.” The court also concluded that INA had no duty to defend against the PRP Committee suit. The court did not address either the applicability of the supplementary exclusion or Mesa’s contention that the oil it sold should not be considered “pollution” within the meaning of the general exclusion. Mesa now appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 4
*1337 DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
We review the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo, applying the standard applied by the district court pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).
Kaul v. Stephan,
I.
Was the Ekotek Liability Covered by Mesa’s CGL Policy?
Mesa argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment because: (1) the used oil it sold was not “pollution” within the meaning of the general pollution exclusion, and thus that exclusion does not apply' in this situation; (2) from its perspective, the contamination at the Ekotek site was “sudden and accidental,” and thus exempt even if the exclusion were applicable to the oil it sold; and (3) the specific oil exclusion prevails over the general pollution exclusion, and provides coverage in this situation. In addition, Mesa argues that the district court erred in failing to find relevant provisions of the insurance policies ambiguous; in failing to consider representations by INA to the New Mexico Superintendent of Insurance concerning the scope of coverage; in failing to give adequate consideration to Mesa’s reasonable expectations; and in failing to apply New Mexico’s rules of interpreting insurance policies.
Although there are no New Mexico cases
5
interpreting the pollution exclusion, we note at the outset that there is a Tenth Circuit ease on point applying Utah law.
See Quaker State Minit-Lube, Inc. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co.,
Mesa seeks to distinguish Quaker State, claiming that because New Mexico courts interpret insurance policies more liberally in favor of the insured than do Utah courts, a New Mexico court would be more likely than would a Utah court both to view the oil sold by Mesa as something other than pollution, and to interpret the “sudden and accidental” exemption broadly to provide coverage in this situation.
A.
The Scope of the Pollution Exclusion
Mesa argues that New Mexico courts would not apply the pollution exclu
*1338
sion to liability arising from its selling of oil because oil is its primary product. Under New Mexico law, “[a] policy exclusion is repugnant to an insuring clause ‘when, rather than creating a specific exception to a broad grant of coverage, an exclusionary clause simply nullifies the grant.’ ”
Western Heritage Ins. Co. v. Chava Trucking, Inc.,
Mesa compares its situation to the facts of
Ivy Nelson Grain Co. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co.,
Similarly, in
Western Heritage,
we interpreted a policy which had an automobile exclusion but also had a late-added endorsement that specifically added “truckmen” to the coverage of the policy.
However, Ivy Nelson Grain and Western Heritage are not dispositive in this case because there is no “irreconcilable conflict” between the CGL policy as a whole and the pollution exclusion. Further, the interpretive guides offered in Ivy Nelson Grain and Western Heritage of preferring typed material over obscure printed material, preferring endorsements over the body of the contract, and reading exclusions so they do not render coverage a nullity have no controlling applicability here. The pollution exclusion contained in the INA policy does not eliminate all coverage arising out of Mesa’s selling of oil, but only coverage for pollution that is not “sudden and accidental.” Thus, for example, if either personal injury or property damage resulted from an exploding oil truck or a sudden and accidental oil spill on the ground, Mesa would clearly be covered. Similarly, the policy continues to provide Mesa with general liability coverage for most of the other kinds of liability that might arise in connection with its oil business, excluding certain categories of pollution liability. Clearly, the main thrust of the coverage was not rendered a nullity by the pollution exclusion provisions. Thus, Mesa is simply incorrect in asserting that the pollution exclusion would eviscerate its coverage if it were to exclude its liability resulting from the pollution at the Ekotek site. In fact, Mesa’s proposed interpretation would deprive the pollution exclusion of much of its meaning, since Mesa argues that exclusion should not apply to liability arising out of any oil-caused pollution, which is precisely the sort of pollution an oil reseller such as Mesa is most likely to experience. There is no basis in the language to give it the narrow reading that Mesa is advocating.
Mesa also argues that oil should not be considered pollution at all. Mesa’s argument is without merit. The oil at the Ekotek site, which caused sufficiently severe soil and groundwater contamination that the facility was declared a Superfund site, was clearly both a “pollutant” and a “contaminant” within the meaning of the pollution exclusion.
See Quaker State,
Thus, the pollution exclusion is applicable to Mesa’s liability arising out of the soil and groundwater contamination of the Ekotek site. Applying the exclusion in this situation is not “repugnant” to the policy as a whole, because Mesa retains coverage in a range of situations. Further, the used oil dumped into the ground at the Ekotek facility is clearly a pollutant.
B.
The “Sudden and Accidental” Exemption
Mesa next argues that the pollution exclusion does not operate to bar coverage in this situation. Under an exemption from the pollution exclusion, pollution which is “sudden and accidental” is covered by the policy. Mesa argues that “sudden and accidental” should be viewed from the standpoint of the insured rather than that of the polluter, and that the phrase means only “unexpected and unintended.” INA counters that interpreting “sudden and accidental” to mean “unexpected and unintended” only reflects the meaning of the word “accidental” and it would ignore the word “sudden.” To give the term “sudden” some meaning, INA contends, it must be read to imply a temporal requirement, such that only pollution which occurs “quickly” and “abruptly” would be covered by the exemption.
New Mexico has not addressed the issue, and courts from other jurisdictions are divided on the proper interpretation of the pollution exclusion. A number of courts have focused on the plain meaning of the word “sudden” in concluding that the term includes a temporal component, and thus that the exemption only applies to pollution that occurs quickly during an abrupt accident.
See, e.g., Quaker State,
On the other hand, several state supreme courts, and a smaller number of federal courts, have read the exemption more broadly.
See, e.g., Morton Int’l, Inc. v. General Accident Ins. Co.,
Notwithstanding this split in authority, in
Quaker State
we recognized that the trend in this area is to read “sudden and accidental” as requiring that pollution must occur quickly and abruptly to be covered by the exemption.
[T]he district court did not err when it viewed the discharges from the viewpoint of the actual polluter, ie., Ekotek, as opposed to the viewpoint of Plaintiff to determine if the discharges were “sudden and *1340 accidental.” The pollution exclusion clause does not require that the insured make the “discharge, dispersal, release or escape” of contaminants. Rather the plain language of the clause excludes coverage for “bodily injury or property damage arising out of the discharge” regardless of whether the insured actively caused or intended the discharge. Thus, what the insured intends or foresees is of no consequence.
New Mexico, we believe, would conclude that the pollution at issue here does not fall within the “sudden and accidental” exemption. First, a New Mexico court would likely honor the plain meaning of the word “sudden” and conclude that the term encompasses a temporal component, and thus that pollution must occur quickly or abruptly before the exemption will apply. When an insurance policy is unambiguous, New Mexico courts “will not strain the words to encompass meanings they do not clearly express.”
Gonzales v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
Mesa does not argue on appeal that the pollution was “sudden and accidental” if viewed from the perspective of the polluter, Ekotek. However, Mesa argues that the pollution could be considered “sudden and accidental” if viewed from its (Mesa’s) perspective. Mesa notes that its Ekotek liability arose out of twelve discrete transactions over a two year period. Mesa argues that it had no reason to believe that Ekotek would pollute its facility with the oil it received, and that it had no notice that it would be liable for that pollution until it received its notification of PRP status from the EPA.
However, as we noted in
Quaker State,
the plain language of the pollution exclusion is inconsistent with reading the exclusion from the standpoint of the insured.
Quaker State,
Further, New Mexico law suggests that a New Mexico court would reject Mesa’s argument that the pollution exclusion should be read from the standpoint of the insured. The New Mexico Supreme Court has flatly stated that it will enforce the plain language of insurance contracts.
See Gonzales,
New Mexico courts generally allow a party to introduce extrinsic evidence of a contract’s meaning to determine whether an ambiguity exists and how that ambiguity
*1341
should be resolved,
Barth v. Coleman,
Mesa relies on the following statements by INA executives to state insurance regulators: “coverage would continue in cases where the pollutant or contaminant releases are the result of a sudden happening which'the insured did not expect or intend,” (Aplt.App. at 115); and “[w]e believe that we should not afford coverage when conditions that are known to the insured as causes of pollution are permitted to continue,” (Id.). 7
Neither of these statements renders the pollution exclusion ambiguous. The second statement merely refers to one situation where the pollution exclusion would deny coverage, that in which the insured knows about a long-term pollution problem. Thus, that statement says nothing about the situation at issue here, where a long-term pollution problem not known to the insured is permitted to continue. Similarly, the first statement does not contradict the plain meaning of the pollution exclusion. This statement only indicates that coverage would continue for “sudden happening[s]” which the insured did not expect or intend. However, as we have previously indicated, the pollution involved here could not be regarded as “sudden.” Thus, the extrinsic evidence offered by Mesa does not contradict the plain language of the pollution exclusion. 8
Accordingly, we conclude that, under New Mexico law, Mesa’s liability at the Ekotek site is excluded from coverage under the pollution exclusion.
C.
The Supplementary Exclusion
For the first time on appeal, Mesa argues that the specific oil exclusion prevails over the more general pollution exclusion. The oil exclusion provides:
It is agreed that, if with respect to operations described in this endorsement there is a discharge, dispersal, release or escape of oil or other petroleum substance or derivative (including any oil refuse or oil mixed with wastes) into or upon any watercourse, body of water, bog, marsh, swamp or wetland, the insurance does not apply to bodily injury or property damage arising out of such discharge, dispersal, release or escape whether or not sudden and accidental.
(Aplt.App. at 59) (emphasis added). Because the supplementary exclusion only deals with the discharge of oil into various bodies of water, Mesa argues that by negative implication the discharge of oil into soil or groundwater is covered under the CGL policy.
In the district court, Mesa argued that the supplementary exclusion was not a part of the insurance policy. (Aplt.App. at 11-12) As a general rule, we do not consider issues on appeal that were not raised below.
In re Walker,
II.
The Duty to Defend
Regardless of whether the pollution exclusion bars coverage for the Ekotek liability, Mesa argues that the insurance policy imposed on INA a duty to defend that is broader than the duty to indemnify. The duty to defend clause provides that INA has “the right and duty to defend any suit against the insured” seeking to recover damages on account of property damage. (Aplt.App. at 51)
Under New Mexico law, the duty to defend is independent from the duty to in
*1342
demnify, and requires the insurer to provide coverage “ ‘when the complaint filed by the claimant alleges facts potentially within the coverage of the policy.’ ”
Western Heritage,
We have concluded that a New Mexico court would honor the “plain meaning” of the pollution exclusion and find that the CGL policy does not provide coverage in this situation. Other courts that have reached this conclusion have also concluded that the insurer did not breach its duty to defend.
See, e.g., Quaker State,
INA also argues that the duty to defend does not apply here because the EPA settlement is not a “suit,” and CERCLA response costs are not “damages,” within the meaning of that provision. Because we conclude that the Ekotek liability was covered by the pollution exclusion, and that no duty to defend on the part of INA arose in this situation, we need not address these issues.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
Notes
. The party defendant-appellee is Century Indemnity Company, as successor-to CCI Insur-anee Company, as successor to Insurance Company of North America. For the purposes of this opinion, we refer to defendant-appellee as "INA,” as that is what both parties have done both in their briefs and at oral argument.
. We previously recounted the history of soil and groundwater contamination at the Ekotek site in Quaker State Minit-Lube, Inc. v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Co., 52 F.3d 1522, 1524-25 (10th Cir.1995). In that opinion we detailed how from 1967 through 1985 Ekotek employees engaged in "numerous incidents, accidents, and practices at the Ekotek Site which resulted in discharges of used oil and other contaminants." Id. at 1524. On appeal, Mesa does not challenge the description in Quaker State of the pollution events that occurred at Ekotek. However, it does argue that under New Mexico law the pollution must be evaluated from its perspective, and not from Ek-otek’s perspective.
. The statute imposes liability on “any person who by contract, agreement, or otherwise arranged for disposal or treatment, or arranged with a transporter for transport for disposal or treatment, of hazardous substances owned or possessed by such person, by any other party or entity, at any facility or incineration vessel owned or operated by another party or entity and containing such hazardous substances.” 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)(3).
. INA is supported on appeal by amicus curiae Insurance Environmental Litigation Association, a trade association formed to present the position of the insurance industry in cases involving *1337 disputes over pollution-related insurance coverage.
. The parties both agree that New Mexico law applies to the interpretation of these insurance policies.
. We have also interpreted the pollution exclusion in several other cases.
See Hartford Accident & Indem. Co.
v.
U.S. Fidelity & Guar. Co.,
. INA contends that the statements are unauthenticated and inadmissible hearsay. Since we do not find the statements to be relevant, we do not need to address either challenge.
. Mesa has also included in the record letters to the Iowa and Maryland insurance departments. However, as Mesa does not provide any evidence that these letters are relevant to the pollution exclusion as applied under New Mexico' law, or even any evidence that the letters referred to the same policy language as is at issue here. Thus, those letters similarly are not shown to be relevant to the issue upon which summary judgment was granted.