The defendant in this criminal case, Christopher Merritt, was convicted by a jury in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City of first degree premeditated murder, first degree felony murder, attempted armed robbery, and use of a handgun in the commission of a felony. Approximately two days after the trial, the State learned that the search warrant for the defendant’s home and other documents, not admitted into evidence, were mistakenly sent to the jury room during deliberations. Defense counsel’s motion for a new trial, based upon the erroneous submission of the documents, was denied. We issued a writ of certiorari to decide whether Merritt is entitled to a new trial.
I.
The instant case arises from the murder of Brian Owens. The principal witness against the defendant Merritt was Arti-nus Shands, who claimed that he participated in the crime with Merritt. Shands testified for the State pursuant to a plea agreement. Under the agreement, in exchange for his *20 truthful testimony and his guilty plea, Shands would receive a life sentence for murder, with all but fifty years suspended, and a concurrent sentence of twenty years for use of a handgun in the commission of a felony.
Shands’s testimony was as follows. Ronald Laboard, Owens, Merritt, Shands, and several others gathered for a dice game in the outside stairwell of the apartment building at 2404 Winchester Street in Baltimore City. At some point during the game, Owens had won more than a hundred dollars from each of the other players. As a result, according to Shands, Merritt became upset and decided to regain his money. Merritt showed Shands a gesture with his hand suggesting a gun. Merritt and Shands then left the game and walked to the parking lot adjacent to the building. There, Merritt retrieved two handguns from his car. Shands said that Merritt gave Shands a nine millimeter handgun and Merritt took a .380 caliber handgun. As they returned to the game, Merritt approached Owens, who was seated on the steps, and ordered him and the other players to lie down. Merritt pointed his gun at Owens and demanded the return of his money. Shands stated that Owens did not hand over the money, that Merritt’s gun “went off,” and that Shands and Merritt continued to shoot Owens. Owens fell to the bottom of the stairs, and Merritt, Shands, and Laboard fled in Merritt’s car without taking Owens’s money.
The police obtained arrest warrants for Merritt, Shands, and Laboard, charging each with the victim’s murder. In a taped statement, Merritt stated that he, Shands, Laboard and several others were rolling dice and drinking when two men approached and ordered them to get down. One of the men held a gun to Merritt’s head and took the money that was in his hand. When the men demanded money from Owens, he moved and was shot several times. Following the shooting, everyone got up and ran from the scene. Merritt stated that he, Shands, and Laboard left together in Merritt’s car.
Shands initially denied any knowledge of the incident. The police played him the portion of Merritt’s taped statement in *21 which Merritt said that Shands was present during the shooting. Believing that Merritt had told the police that only Shands shot the victim, Shands told the police that both he and Merritt had been the shooters. At trial, Shands corroborated his taped statement. The State also introduced into evidence letters exchanged between Shands and Merritt after both of them were incarcerated awaiting trial. In those letters, each asked the other to tell his attorney that they had given false taped statements to the police because their families had been threatened.
Ronald Laboard, who is Merritt’s cousin, initially told the police that Merritt and Shands shot the victim. Laboard identified Merritt and Shands as the shooters from separate photographic arrays. The State eventually dropped the murder charges against Laboard. At the trial, however, Laboard testified that his initial statement to the police was false. Laboard stated that he was with the others at the dice game but that he left the game after he lost his money. He testified that he was not present when the shooting took place.
The State presented several police witnesses. Officer Eric Isom was the patrol officer who responded to the call that shots had been fired. At the scene, Isom observed dice, a Bacardi rum bottle, and two baggies containing a white, rock-like substance. Kimberly Fowler was the crime lab technician on the scene. She recovered 19 cartridge casings as well as bullets and fragments. She also recovered two liquor bottles and some dice. James Wagster, an expert on firearms, testified that the cartridge casings recovered from the scene were fired from a .380 caliber handgun and a .40 caliber Smith and Wesson handgun. As an explanation for Shands’s testimony that a .380 handgun and a nine millimeter handgun were used in the shooting, Wagner testified that a nine millimeter handgun and a .40 caliber handgun look alike.
Two days after Merritt was convicted, the State learned from a juror that defense exhibit 6, which included the application for the search and seizure warrant for Merritt’s home, the warrant, the affidavit in support of the warrant, the inventory *22 return, and a copy of Merritt’s taped statement to police, were present in the jury room during deliberations. Exhibit 6 had been marked for identification only and had not been admitted into evidence. The courtroom clerk, however, marked “Evid” on the exhibits list next to the line referring to exhibit 6, reflecting her erroneous belief that the exhibit had been admitted into evidence.
Exhibit 6 contained an affidavit setting forth the credentials of Detective Carol Opher. Specifically, the affidavit stated that Opher had been a member of the Baltimore City Police Department for more than seventeen years and that, by executing search and seizure warrants in the past, she had obtained evidence that resulted in the convictions of over one hundred defendants. The affidavit also contained a statement from Detective Opher that, during interviews of witnesses, it was revealed that “one of the persons responsible for the murder of Brian Owens is Chris Merritt.” The affidavit disclosed that, while being interviewed, Merritt admitted to owning a .38 caliber handgun which he said could be found in his home. According to the affidavit, Merritt also admitted owning a .380 caliber handgun.
Furthermore, a transcript of Merritt’s taped statement to the police was included in exhibit 6. A redacted copy of that statement had been admitted into evidence at trial. In the portions of the statement which had been redacted before being admitted into evidence, but were not redacted in the statement included in exhibit 6, Merritt admitted to selling drugs before the murder and to owning a .38 caliber handgun. Finally, the inventory return contained a listing of the property actually seized from Merritt’s residence. The list included a shoe box containing a green leafy substance, plastic baggies, and rolling papers. These items had not been admitted into evidence.
In the motion for a new trial, defense counsel argued that the presence of exhibit 6 in the jury room during deliberations resulted in probable prejudice to Merritt. The trial court denied the defense’s motion, stating: “After considering the *23 quantity and quality of the other evidence produced at trial, it cannot be said that the” presence of exhibit 6 “in the jury room probably resulted in prejudice to the defense.” The court continued that “the information is harmless in light of the overpowering evidence in this case.” The Circuit Court concluded that Merritt “received a fair trial despite the unintentional submission by the courtroom clerk of extraneous material into the jury room during deliberations.”
The Court of Special Appeals, in an unreported opinion, affirmed. Merritt filed in this Court a petition for a writ of certiorari which we granted.
Merritt v. State,
II.
The certiorari petition presented two questions, one relating to the appropriate standard for appellate review in this case and the other relating to the merits of the trial court’s denial of the motion for new trial. Merritt argues (petitioner’s brief at 11,16):
“I. Under the circumstances [of this case], the proper standard of appellate review of the denial of a motion for a new trial is error, not abuse of discretion.
* * *
II. The court either erred, or in the alternative, abused its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial, when the motion was based on the fact that prejudicial documentary evidence which was never entered into evidence was erroneously submitted to the jury at the start of its deliberations.”
The State, relying on a lengthy Court of Special Appeals’ opinion concerning the subject
(Isley v. State,
A.
Initially, we flatly reject the State’s argument and the thesis of
Isley v. State, supra,
The early opinions of this Court clearly took the position that a trial court’s ruling on a motion for a new trial was not subject to appellate review under any circumstances. The ruling would not have been subject to appellate review even when the trial judge refused to exercise any discretion. This principle of non-reviewability, set forth in the early cases, seems to have been based, at least in part, on the limited scope of, and requirements of, writs of error and bills of exceptions.
See Anderson v. State,
5 H. & J. 174, 175 (1821).
See also, e. g., Marine Ins. Co. v. Hodgson,
Furthermore, the principle that rulings on motions for new trials were unreviewable on appeal appears to have been simply an application of the more general rule, adhered to by appellate courts at an earlier time, that any trial court ruling on a discretionary matter was insulated from appellate review. As this Court stated in
Wall’s v. Wall’s, supra,
2 H. & G. at 81, “where the subject decided by the inferior Court is left by law to their discretion, ... it has been adjudged that a writ of error will not lie.”
See, e.g., Marine Ins. Co. v. Hodgson, supra,
An exception to the principle that rulings on motions for new trials were not reviewable on appeal was first discussed by this Court in
Browne v. Browne,
On appeal, in setting forth the general rule of non-reviewa-bility, this Court in Browne for the first time qualified what had previously been stated as an absolute rule. The Court said (id. at 112, emphasis added):
“[EJvery motion for a new trial, is addressed to the sound legal discretion of the court; and therefore no error can be ordinarily assigned with regard to the decision of the court below upon such motion.... ”
The Browne opinion went on to explain the exception argued for by the appellant (ibid.):
“[B]ut it is argued that the refusal to admit the evidence offered in support of the motion, was error in law, from which appeal lies; because thereby the appellant was deprived of the exercise of the judgment and discretion of the court upon the case as presented by the proof, to which he had a legal right. This is certainly a very nice distinction, but we are not prepared to say it may not be a sound one.... ”
The Court then assumed arguendo that the exception should be recognized and held that the trial judge did not err (id. at 113):
“Without meaning to express any opinion upon the general proposition involved in the appellant’s argument, it is very clear, that even conceding the right of appeal on this branch of the case, the decision of the Superior Court ought not to be reversed, if this Court should be of opinion, either that the testimony was properly excluded, or that it was immaterial and insufficient if admitted, to affect the validity of the verdict.”
The Court upheld the trial judge’s ruling on the ground “that ‘the testimony of jurors cannot be heard to impeach their verdict....’”Ibid.
The “exception” discussed in the
Browne
opinion was applied by this Court in
Wash., B. & A. Railroad Co. v. Kimmey, supra,
“The general rule is that the disposition of a motion for a new trial is within the sound discretion of the trial court and is not a subject of appeal____ The exception now under consideration, however, is not directed to the action of the court in overruling the motion for a new trial, but to its exclusion of evidence by which its judgment and discretion in regard to the motion should properly have been influenced. The defendant was entitled to the exercise of a sound discretion, in the disposition of its motion. A discretion could not be characterized as sound which wholly disregarded evidence by which its exercise should have been aided.”
It has been suggested that the language in
Browne
and the holding in
Kimmey
simply stand for the principle that, in ruling on a new trial motion, a trial judge’s failure to exercise any discretion is reviewable on appeal, but that the judge’s actual exercise of discretion remains absolutely unreviewable.
Isley v. State, supra,
For the next twenty-five years after the
B.J. Linthicum’s Sons
case, some of this Court’s opinions would state without qualification that discretionary rulings on new trial motions were not reviewable, whereas other opinions seemed to recognize that such rulings were reviewable for abuse of discretion or for the failure to exercise discretion. See the review of cases in
Buck v. Cam’s Rugs, supra,
Commencing with this Court’s opinion in
Wernsing v. General Motors Corp.,
A few months after our decision in
Wernsing,
we reiterated that, “[o]rdinarily, a trial court’s order denying a motion for a new trial will be reviewed on appeal if it is claimed that the trial court abused its discretion.”
Mack v. State,
As earlier indicated, in
Buck v. Cam’s Rugs, supra,
*30 “On the other hand, a trial judge has virtually no ‘discretion’ to refuse to consider newly discovered evidence that bears directly on the question of whether a new trial should be granted. See Wash., B. & A. R. Co. v. Kimmey, supra,141 Md. at 250 ,118 A. 648 (‘discretion could not be characterized as sound which wholly disregarded evidence by which its exercise should have been aided’). See also Browne v. Browne,22 Md. 103 , 112 (1864). And, if newly discovered evidence clearly indicates that the jury has been misled, a new trial should be granted.
“Similarly, where competent extrinsic evidence discloses that a jury’s consideration of the case was seriously distorted by information that should not have been before the jury, a trial judge may have little or no ‘discretion’ to deny a new trial. See Wernsing v. General Motors Corp., supra,298 Md. at 420 ,470 A.2d 802 ....
“Accordingly, it may be said that the breadth of a trial judge’s discretion to grant or deny a new trial is not fixed and immutable; rather, it will expand or contract depending upon the nature of the factors being considered, and the extent to which the exercise of that discretion depends upon the opportunity the trial judge had to feel the pulse of the trial and to rely on his own impressions in determining questions of fairness and justice.”
See also, e.g., Argyrou v. State,
Consistent with the recognition in
Buck
that sometimes a trial court has virtually no discretion to deny a new trial motion, we have taken the position that some denials of new trial motions are reviewable under a standard of whether the
*31
court erred rather than under an abuse of discretion standard. Accordingly, when an alleged error is committed during the trial, when the losing party or that party’s counsel, without fault, does not discover the alleged error during the trial, and when the issue is then raised by a motion for a new trial, we have reviewed the denial of the new trial motion under a standard of whether the denial was erroneous.
See Taylor v. State,
The standard for determining whether error is prejudicial, set forth in
Dorsey v. State,
is as follows (
“LWJhen an appellant, in a criminal case, establishes error, unless a reviewing court, upon its own independent review of the record, is able to declare a belief, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error in no way influenced the verdict, such error cannot be deemed ‘harmless’ and a reversal is mandated.”
And when the error involves the admission or exclusion of evidence, the Dorsey opinion continued (ibid.):
“Such reviewing court must thus be satisfied that there is no reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of— whether erroneously admitted or excluded — may have contributed to the rendition of the guilty verdict.”
B.
In the case at bar, the result would be the same whether the denial of the motion for a new trial is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard or under an error *32 standard. Nevertheless, under our cases, the denial of Merritt’s motion for a new trial should be reviewed under the standard of whether error was committed and, if error was committed, whether it was harmless under Dorsey.
Merritt’s argument is that error was committed when the courtroom clerk marked the exhibit list as if exhibit 6 had been admitted into evidence, and when exhibit 6 was submitted to the jury. The alleged error was not discovered until after the trial, and thus it could only have been raised by a motion for a new trial. Finally, according to Merritt, the error was clearly prejudicial under the Dorsey standard. This scenario is similar to that involved in Taylor v. State, supra; Pinkney v. State, supra; and Ware v. State, supra. As in those cases, the question is whether error was committed and whether it was harmless under the Dorsey test.
There is no doubt that error was committed during Merritt’s trial when the courtroom clerk mistakenly, marked “Evid” on the exhibit list next to exhibit 6 and when, consequently, exhibit 6 was submitted to the jury as if it had been admitted into evidence. The substance and result of the clerk’s action was essentially the same as the action of a trial judge in erroneously admitting an exhibit into evidence. The only real difference would be that, in the latter situation, defense counsel would have been aware of the action and would have had an opportunity to object.
Moreover, Maryland Rule 4-326(a) specifies what may be taken to the jury room. The rule provides (emphasis added):
“(a) Items Taken to Jury Room. Jurors may take notes regarding the evidence and they may keep the notes with them when they retire for their deliberations. Unless the court for good cause orders otherwise, the jury may also take the charging document and exhibits which have been admitted into evidence, except that a deposition may not be taken into the jury room without the agreement of all parties and the consent of the court. Electronically recorded instructions or oral instructions reduced to writing may be taken into the jury room only with the permission of the *33 court. On request of a party or on the court’s own initiative, the charging documents shall reflect only those charges on which the jury is to deliberate. The court may impose safeguards for the preservation of the exhibits and the safety of the jurors.”
Under the rule, exhibits which have not been admitted into evidence obviously should not be submitted to the jury.
It is true that prejudice is not presumed when unadmitted exhibits are submitted to the jury, just like prejudice is not presumed “when the jury considers evidence admitted by the trial court which is later determined to have been erroneously admitted.”
State Deposit v. Billman,
In the case at bar, we are not persuaded beyond a reasonable doubt that the submission of exhibit 6 to the jury “in no way influenced the verdict,”
Dorsey,
The detective also stated in the affidavit that Merritt admitted to owning a .38 caliber handgun and a .380 caliber handgun, the same caliber used in commission of the murder. Merritt’s statement to police that he owned a .38 caliber gun was successfully redacted, from the taped statement admitted at trial. There was no evidence admitted at the trial that Merritt told police that he owned the same caliber gun, .380, as one of the murder weapons. The only evidence that Merritt owned guns came from the testimony of Shands, the accomplice. These statements contained in the affidavit, as to Merritt’s ownership of weapons, improperly corroborated Shands’s testimony and thus were extremely prejudicial.
Exhibit 6 contained Merritt’s statement that he was “selling weed” before the crime and included the inventory list of items seized from Merritt’s home evidencing drug dealing. Such evidence of other crimes would not be admissible under the circumstances of this case, and it was highly prejudicial in showing the “criminal propensity” and “criminal character of the defendant,”
Snyder v. State,
The trial judge was of the view that the “overpowering evidence” of Merritt’s guilt rendered harmless the submission of exhibit 6 to the jury. The principal witness for the State *35 providing the direct evidence of Merritt’s guilt, however, was the accomplice and admitted murderer, Shands. The witness Laboard repudiated his earlier statement implicating Merritt. In light of the prejudicial nature of exhibit 6, we cannot conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the submission of exhibit 6 to the jury in no way influenced the verdict.
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS REVERSED AND CASE REMANDED TO THAT COURT WITH DIRECTIONS TO REVERSE THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY AND REMAND THE CASE TO THAT COURT FOR A NEW TRIAL. COSTS IN THIS COURT AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO BE PAID BY THE MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE.
Notes
. Although
Sherman v. State
was a 5-2 decision by this Court, all seven of the judges took the position that when there is a violation of what is now Rule 4-326(a), and documents are improperly submitted to the jury in a criminal case, the standard for determining prejudice is that set forth in
Dorsey v. State.
The two dissenting judges in
Sherman
were of the view that “the rule violation was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt under the standard adopted in
Dorsey v. State,