83 Ky. 481 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1885
delivered the opinion of1 the court.
This appeal is from a judgment of thé Louisville Law and Equity Court, dismissing appellant’s peti
By the first clause of the testator’s will all of his-estate, real and personal, was devised ■ to A. J. Ballard and John R. Churchill, in fee-simple, upon the-trusts and for the uses therein expressed.
A farm owned by the testator was devised to his-son, Samuel C. Thruston, during his life, or the use-of it. The will provides: “But my said son is to-have only the use thereof during his life for the maintenance of himself and family, and no part thereof shall be liable for his debts, nor shall behave the power to alienate, etc. After his death, or if he die before me, the fee-simple of said property shall be conveyed to his children, if he leave-any, and their descendants, in the same proportion as if it had descended from him; but if he leave no-children, or the descendant of a child, the same-shall be held in like manner for the support, use- and benefit of my daughter, Prances Ballard, during-her life, as in the next clause directed, and after-her death, or if she then be dead, to be conveyed' to her children and their descendants, in the same-proportion as if it had descended from her.”
As to the property devised directly for the use of' Mrs. Ballard, the will provides: “After her death,, or if she die before me, the fee-simple of- said property shall be conveyed to her children and their-descendants, in the same proportion as if it had descended from her; but if she leave no child, non
By the seventh clause of the will, the testator' provided that if both his son and daughter died without issue living at their death, the testator’s estate was to pass to certain collateral relations. The son, Samuel Thruston, died before the testator. Mrs. Ballard is still living, and has three children, Charles, Samuel and Rogers Ballard. •
Charles and Samuel Ballard were in esse at the death of the testator, and have conveyed their interest in their grandfather’s estate, whatever that may be’, to the appellee. The question presented is: Did the estate devised to these children vest in them at the death of their grandfather when the will became operative, or was it a purely contingent, interest, to take effect upon their surviving their mother, the life tenant. If a present interest, the; deed of assignment made for the benefit of certain creditors to the exclusion of others must inure to> the benefit of all. The Chancellor below held that they took no such interest, and dismissed the petition.
The case of Williamson v. Williamson, reported in 18 Ben Monroe, 329, seems to have been the authority upon which this case was determined. The devise in Taylor’s will was: “The tracts or lots which I give to my daughters they are to have, hold and enjoy the rents and profits of the same for their separate and sole use during their natural lives, and at their deaths the title to the same is to vest in their heirs in fee forever.”
It is true that the remainder would take effect in the devise referred to if the possession was to
The case of Johnson v. Jacob, 11 Bush, 646, followed the case of Williamson v. Williamson. The will of Isaac R. Jacob read:
“After his death the property, with the unexpended avails, shall. be conveyed and paid to his. descendants, if there be any such then living. * * * If there be no such descendants, then the same shall be paid and conveyed to his heirs.” Isaac R. Jacob died without descendants, and it was held that the interest of his brothers and sisters (who were his heirs) was contingent. This court said:
“'It being impossible to ascertain what persons wduld fall within this description until the death of the life tenant, this would seem to be a case in which the remainder was undoubtedly limited to persons not ascertained, and some of whom were not in esse when the limitation was made.”
Here again the event which renders the possession vacant also resolves the contingency upon, which
The MS. opinion in the case of Mary Tyler v. Thomas P. Jacob (Feb. 1, 1833) involved the question as to whether the purchaser obtained a title by the conveyance tendered by Mrs. Tyler and her children. This court held that if one of the children of Mrs. Tyler should die leaving children, those children living at the death of the life tenant (their parent being dead) would take under the will, and the conveyance by the parent in his or her life-time would be a nullity.
The death of the child before the life tenant, leaving children, created the contingency upon which the purchaser would be deprived of title. It was •clear in that case that a perfect title could not be made. It is true that, in the opinion, it is held that no interest vested in the children; but such was not the decision in Johnson v. Jacob, upon which that declaration was based. The case of Wilson v. Graham, another MS. opinion as to the character of the title, is somewhat similar. There the sale was for a reinvestment of the- property, and the conveyance was “to Sally McCready, and .to such child or children she may have by the said George McCready at the time of the death, or to the •descendants of any such.” It is evident that here was a vested interest in the child, subject to be defeated by the death of the child before the mother, ■and that was the only contingency arising from the conveyance. Whether that was such a contingent •estate as might be sold under the statute by the
In the case of Peltman v. Butts, 8 Bush, 115, the devise reads: “I now give the said lot to my ■brother, Samuel Butts, during his life, and after his death I will said lot to his heirs.” This could not have been a vested remainder unless there were facts upon the face of the will showing that the word heirs was used by the testator in the place of ¡and for children.
So that the MS. opinions of Tyler v. Jacob and Wilson v. Graham are not authority for the appellees, nor the case of Feltman v. Butts authority for the appellant.
It is proper to refer to some elementary rules -distinguishing a vested from a contingent remain•der. The mere fact that an estate is to take effect ■and be enjoyed after the termination of an intervening estate will not prevent both estates from being vested at the same moment, and also an • estate may vest in one subject to be divested in favor of another. Chancellor Kent says:
“It is not the uncertainty of enjoyment in the future, but the uncertainty of the right to' that enjoyment which marks the distinction between a vested and contingent interest.” (Kent’s Commentaries, vol. 4, p. 206.)
“The present capacity of taking effect in possession, if the possession were to become vacant,*488 and not the certainty that the possession will become vacant, before the estate limited in remainder-determines, universally distinguishes a vested re- ' mainder from one that is contingent.” (2 volume Chitty’s Blackstone, 169, note 10; Walter v. Crutcher, 15 B. M., page 10.)
“There can be no question that the tendency of the more recent decisions is clearly in favor of holding an estate in remainder vested where that can be fairly done without too great violence to-the language used.” (Redfield on Wills, volume 2, 232, 3d edition.)
With these elementary rules before us, the case: under consideration can be readily distinguished from the cases of Williamson v. Williamson, 18 B. M., 329, and Johnson v. Jacob, 11 Bush, 646, in each of which the remainder was held to be contingent. The devise in the case before us is: “After her-death (the daughter, Mrs. Ballard), or if she die before me, the fee-simple of said property shall be conveyed to her children and their descendants, in, the same proportion as if it had descended from-her; but if she leave no child, or descendant of a child, then to be held in trust for my said son Samuel and his descendants.”
These children were in being at the death of the testator, and if the mother had died before the testator, by the express provision of the will would have been entitled in fee to the devised estate; but. ’ the mother surviving the children, became entitled to the remainder interest, to be possessed and enjoyed by them at her death, but subject to be-
The present capacity of these children to take the-possession existed from the.moment of the testator’s, death, in the event the life tenant had died. There was no .uncertainty of the right of enjoyment, because the objects of the devise in remainder were in existence and conld take; but there was an uncertainty of enjoyment in the future, because the remainderman might die before the life tenant.
A devise to A for life, remainder to B, but if B. is dead at the termination of the life estate then tO' C, passes to B a vested estate, and a contingent interest to C. This is the same character of devise, and the fact that the title is held in trust can make no difference.
The use of the estate for life, or the right to the rents and profits for life, with the legal title in trustees, with the direction to the latter to convey to the .children, or such of them as are living at-the death of the life tenant, vests the children with an equitable fee. “The same riiles of construction apply whether the conveyance is direct or through the intervention of trustees.” (2 Redfield on Wills, page 225.)
Mr. Redfield, citing the case of Browne v. Browne (3 Sm. & Gif., 568), says: “In this case the devise-was to trustees for the use of A for life, remainder-
In Randall v. Doe (5 Dow, 202): “A devise to the children of testator’s .nephew as tenants in common in fee, but if such nephew should die without issue, or such issue should die under twenty-one, then over, all the children of such nephew living :at his decease, although not of full age, took vested interests, liable to be divested by their decease before twenty-one.” (Redfield on Wills, page 272, note, 3d ed.)
Suppose you insert in the will of Taylor, which was the subject of construction in the case of Williamson v. Williamson, the word children instead of the word heirs, could there then be any doubt- but what the father of- the -deceased children of Mrs. Williamson would have inherited their interest in the devised estate? Yet the court, in that case, recognizing the rule that the law favors that construction .of a devise which will cause the interest to vest,' held that the word heirs, having both a legal .and popular meaning when used alone, when there was nothing going to show that it was not used in its legal sense, it must be understood as having been :so used, and the test given by the court in that case .shows conclusively that as there, could be no heirs ■of the life tenant during her life, there was no one
In the case of Williamson and Others v. Fields’ Ex’rs (2 Sand. Ch., 533), it is held, “when the person to whom a remainder, after a life estate is limited, is ascertained, and the event upon which it is to take effect is certain to happen, it is a vested remainder, although by its terms it may be ■ entirely defeated by the death of such person '.before the termination of the particular estate.”
In the case of Carver v. Jackson, 4 Peters, 1, in ;a deed evidencing a marriage settlement, the following grant was made: “to the use and behoof of the said Mary Phillips and Roger Morrig (her intended husband) during their natural lives, then to the use •and behoof of such child or children as shall or may be procreated between them, and to his, her or their heirs and assigns forever.” This, said the court, “is a clear remainder in fee to the children of Roger Morris and wife, which ceased to be contingent, on the birth of the first child, and opened to let in after-born children. ’ ’
The reason it became a vested interest was the
It is not necessary that the children should be-mentioned by name, when living, at the death of the testator, in order to vest the title; and whether born or not when the will takes effect, the word children makes the person to take as certain as if the name of the remainderman had been given.
In Wight v. Shaw, 5 Cushing, 56, the devise was; “to my son during his natural life, but if he marry and have children, then at his death to his children lawfully begotten and their heirs forever.” It was. held that the daughter of the son took a vested estate. Authorities might be multiplied on this, subject, but we are satisfied that the weight of’ authority as well as reason favors such a construction of this will as will give to the children of Mrs., Ballard a vested interest in the estate devised to the-mother as soon as the -will of their grandfather took, effect. There has been no period since the death of the maternal grandfather of these appellees that, they could not have possessed and enjoyed the remainder, if the precedent estate had ended; the-word children leaves no ambiguity as to who are the remaindermen.
These remaindermen may be divested of their-interest by their death before the life tenant, and this would be at the risk of -the purchaser accept
The judgment is therefore reversed, and the canse remanded with directions to overrule the demurrer, and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.