Lead Opinion
1,Julie D. Poche, defendant/plaintiff-in-reconvention/third-party plaintiff/appellant, appeals from a judgment granting an exception of no right of action in favor of third-party defendant/appellee, Scottsdale Insurance Company (“Scottsdale”). After reviewing the record and applicable law, we affirm.
On January 14, 2008, Ms. Poche entered into a written construction contract with Mentz Construction Services, Inc. (“MCS”) for renovation and repair of her home at # 6 Jay Street, New Orleans, Louisiana. Within a few months of commencement of the construction, issues began to arise between the parties regarding the renovation. The parties attempted to resolve their issues; however, their attempts were unsuccessful. Ultimately, on April 30, 2008, Ms. Poche terminated the contract with MCS.
On June 10, 2008, MCS filed suit against Ms. Poche for non-payment of funds under the contract. In response, Ms. Poche filed a reconventional demand against MCS asserting claims that MCS breached the written contract between the ^parties because the work performed was not done in accordance to the terms of the contract and that it was performed in an unwork-manlike or negligent fashion. In addition to the reconventional demands asserted against MCS, Ms. Poche added as third-party defendants Scottsdale, MCS’s insurer, and Charles Mentz III, Vice President/Treasurer and employee of MCS.
Mr. Mentz filed a peremptory exception of no cause of action, arguing that Ms. Poche could not hold him liable for the alleged misdeeds of MCS. Scottsdale filed a peremptory exception of no right of action, arguing that Ms. Poche’s reconven-tional demand does not satisfy the requirement of the Louisiana Direct Action Statute (“DAS”), La. R.S. 22:1269 (formerly La. R.S. 22:655), because her claims arise out of contract, not tort. On November 6, 2009, the district court held a hearing on the exceptions filed by Mr. Mentz and Scottsdale. The exceptions were sustained. Subsequently, Ms. Poche filed a timely appeal of the rulings on both exceptions. This Court affirmed the district court’s ruling in reference to the peremptory exception of no cause of action filed by Mr. Mentz, except to dismiss it without prejudice rather than with prejudice. Mentz Constr. Services, Inc. v. Poche, 10-0904, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/22/10),
Following remand, Ms. Poche filed a second amended reconventional and third-party demand. Subsequently, Scottsdale filed a motion to re-urge its peremptory exception of no right of action, attaching as exhibits to the motion, Scottsdale’s policies of insurance issued to MCS. The district court granted the exception, finding that Ms. Poche’s claims against MCS arise solely out of the alleged breach of construction contract. From this judgment, Ms. Poehe appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A peremptory exception of no right of action is designed to determine whether the plaintiff has a real and actual interest in the action. Hood v. Cotter, 08-0215, p. 17 (La.12/2/08),
\ ¿DISCUSSION
Ms. Poche alleges that the district court erred by granting Scottsdale’s exception of no right of action. In her petition, Ms. Poche asserted a claim against Scottsdale under the DAS. However, Scottsdale’s exception of no right of action argued that the lawsuit did not satisfy the requirement of the DAS as Ms. Poche’s claims arose out of contract, not tort. The district court agreed.
The DAS grants a procedural right of action against an insurer where the plaintiff has a substantive cause of action against the insured. Hood, 08-0215 at p. 17,
It is also the intent of this Section that all liability policies within their terms and limits are executed for the benefit of all injured persons and their survivors or heirs to whom the insured is liable; and, that it is the purpose of all liability policies to give protection and coverage to all insureds, whether they are named insured or additional insureds under the omnibus clause, for any legal liability the insured may have as or for a tortfeasor within the terms and limits of the policy.
Construing the DAS, the Louisiana Supreme Court determined that “the statute applies to any insurance against the liability of the insured for the personal injury or corporeal property damage to a tort victim ... further the statute affords a person sustaining any other type of tortious loss or damage a direct action against the tort-feasor’s insurer.” Quinlan v. Liberty Bank and Trust Co.,
Although direct actions against insurers are limited to tort liability and not authorized in actions stemming from breach of contract, a lawsuit which sets forth numerous theories for recovery may proceed under the DAS. Orleans Parish School Bd. v. Chubb Custom Ins. Co.,
However, this court in Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v. Sear-Lar Mgmt.,
It is well settled in Louisiana law that the same acts or omissions may constitute a breach of both general duties and contractual duties and may give rise to both actions in tort and actions in contract. Id. However, the parties to a contract have a right to elevate a general duty to a contractual obligation by including that duty as a provision of the contract. Id.
Since the DAS applies only to tort claims and not to breach of contract claims, we must look to the nature of the claims asserted in Ms. Poche’s reconven-tional demand to determine whether the statute applies. Taylor,
In addition to the claims against MCS for respondent superior due to the negligence of its employees and agents, Ms. Poche asserts the following claims of breach of contract against MCS in her reconventional demand:
a. MCS failed to properly supervise its subcontractors, failed to adhere to contract specifications, failed to perform in a workmanlike manner, failed to timely repair work under the contract, and failed to timely pay subcontractors.
b. MCS attempted to unilaterally modify terms of the contract.
c. MCS communicated with Ms. Poche in an unprofessional manner.
Although Ms. Poche’s claims sound in tort, they arise from duties set forth in the contract between the parties. As it relates to Ms. Poche’s claims, a review of the written contract between the parties shows that MCS contracted to:
a. Furnish all labor and material to perform the project in a workmanlike manner.
b. Work according to the contract specifications.
|7c. Work according to the industry standards and safety practices.
d. Complete the project when the property can be occupied or utilized as intended.
e. Conduct “change orders” (alter the contract) only with the consent of the contractor and owner.
According to Ms. Poche’s re-conventional demand, the alleged duties breached are detailed in the contract between the parties. Therefore, Ms. Poche’s causes of action arise from the breach of promises outlined in the contract and considered “ex contractu.” Although each of Ms. Poche’s claims are not specifically stated in minute detail in the contract, La. C.C. art. 2054 provides for “implied” contractual obligations; it states:
When the parties made no provision for a particular situation, it must be assumed that they intended to bind themselves not only to the express provisions of the contract, but also to whatever the law, equity, or usage regards as implied in a contract of that kind or necessary for the contract to achieve its purpose.
Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London, 00-1512 at p. 8,
The alleged duties that were breached according to Ms. Poche’s reconventional demand are both explicitly and implicitly set forth in the contract between the parties. Further, based on the facts and claims in Ms. Poche’s reconventional demand, there are no general tort duties alleged which do not arise as a result of the existence of the contract that would form the basis of tort liability established by La. C.C. art. 2315. The duties allegedly breached by Scottsdale’s insured arise solely out of contractual obligations. Therefore, the DAS does not provide Ms. Poche a right of action to pursue claims against Scottsdale. The exception of no right of action was properly sustained.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
AFFIRMED
BONIN, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with reasons.
Concurrence in Part
concurs in part and dissents in part with reasons.
Iil concur in affirming the judgment sustaining the exception of no right of action. I dissent, however, from affirming the relief of dismissal with prejudice.
When this matter was previously before us on an exception of no cause of action filed by Mr. Mentz personally, “we recognize[d] that, as Ms. Poche proceeds with her lawsuit against MCS, discovery may uncover evidence supporting her claims of negligence against Mr. Mentz.” Mentz Const. Services, Inc. v. Poche, 10-0904, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/22/10),
Because we prudently previously left open the possibility that the circumstances of this case may change, in order to be consistent, we should amend the trial court’s judgment to provide that today’s dismissal is also without prejudice.
Accordingly, I dissent from affirming the dismissal with prejudice.
Notes
. If MCS demanded Scottsdale to provide a defense based upon Ms. Poche’s allegations, it is likely that Scottsdale would be back in this case. Moreover, if after further discovery Ms. Poche is able to state a cause of action against MCS and its employee, Mr. Mentz, for negligence, then MCS could demand indemnity as well. If it turns out that Scottsdale also owed MCS indemnity for its negligence, but our affirmation of dismissal with prejudice stands, we would have an anomalous result in which Ms. Poche' could not assert her right to collect directly from Scottsdale. The Direct Action Statute is not just for joining an insurer, but also for enabling the injured party to directly execute a judgment against the insurer.