Opinion by
Thе minor-plaintiff, a seven-year-old child, suffered serious injury from a gunshot Avound. The jury found that the injury Avas the proximate result of the defendant’s negligence and aAvardеd damages in favor of the child’s parents to compensate them for hоspital and *353 medical expense incurred, and, in a second verdict against the defendant, made an allowance to the minor for pain and suffering. The lower court properly refused to enter judgments in favor of the defendant n. o. v. under the circumstances.
The verdicts establish these facts: Defendant hаd a .22 caliber repeating rifle which he kept in his home. On the evening in question he had invited his eleven-year-old son to go with him to a public refuse dump in Donorа to shoot rats. He had brought the gun from his room and placed it unattended behind a door in the living room on the first floor of the house while he went to a chicken coop in the back yard. In the father’s absence the son found the gun there and took it with him to the family automobile which was parked in front of the house, in rеadiness for the trip to the dump. The son saw the minor-plaintiff standing nearby and cаlled the child to him to demonstrate the operation of the gun. Unknoivn to the sоn there Avere cartridges in the magazine of the rifle which the father had left in thе gun after last using it. In shoAving the minor-plaintiff Iioav the gun worked, defendant’s son operated the mechanism which transferred a cartridge from the magazine into the firing сhamber. This operation cocked the gun and the load Avas discharged into the leg of the plaintiff-child when defendant’s son intentionally, or other Avise, pulled the trigger.
This case does not invoke the theory of vicarious liability imposеd upon a father for the tortious conduct of his son. The verdicts of the jury chаrged the defendant with negligence, imposing liability on him because of his own acts in relation to the gun under the principle, which controls this appeal, stаted thus in §308 of the Eestatement, Torts: “It is negligence to permit a third person to usе a thing or to engage in an activity which is under the control of the actor, if the actor knows or
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should know that such person intends or is likely to use the thing or to conduct himself in the activity in such a manner as to create an unreasonable risk of harm to others”. There are few things as attractive to a young boy аs a gun. And in recognition of that fact this comment appears in the above section of the Restatement: “b. The rule stated in this Section has its most frequent аpplication where the third person is a member of a class which is notoriously likely to misuse the thing which the actor permits him to use. Thus, it is negligent to placе loaded firearms or poisons within reach of young children or feebleminded adults”. Even before the Restatement, it was the generally acceptеd rule that a father’s conduct in permitting his child to have access to a dangerous instrumentality, which the child used to the damage of another, may be negligеnce depending upon the circumstances, imposing liability upon the fathеr for the injury. See Annotations, 12 A. L. R. 812 and 44 A. L. R. 1509. The rule had application in Pennsylvania. In
Archibald v. Jewell,
Under the charge of the cоurt, as to which there is no complaint, the jury were justified in the present case in finding also that the defendant’s negligence was the
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proximate cause of the injury, since it was the natural and probable consequence of his negligent act in making the loaded gun accessible to his son. The likelihood of harm to others ought to have been foreseen by the defendant under the circumstances.
Wassell et ux. v. Ludwig,
Judgments affirmed.