90 P. 773 | Kan. | 1907
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The plaintiff in error presents two questions: (1) Does section 322 of the code (Gen. Stat. 1901, § 4770), concerning transactions had with deceased persons, apply to corporations? (2) Will injunction lie to prevent a naked trespass to realty?
The school district, to show the transaction with David Ross, used as witnesses the district officers with whom Ross had conversations at and about the time the district accepted and took possession of the new site. Some of these witnesses were officers of the district when the transaction occurred, and others were its officers at the time of the trial. It is urged that these witnesses were all incompetent, under the provisions of section 322 of the code, which reads:
“No party shall be allowed to testify in his own behalf in respect to any transaction or communication had personally by such party with a deceased person when the adverse party is the executor, administrator, heir at law, next of kin, surviving partner or assignee of such deceased person, where they have acquired title to the cause of action immediately from siich deceased person.”
Statutes which exclude persons from testifying will be strictly construed in favor of the witness. Classes of persons not named in the statute will' not be excluded by implication from testifying, even though the
“The proviso of section 858 excludes only one of the classes described in its first clause — those who are, technically, parties to the issue to be tried — and we are not at liberty to suppose that congress intended the word ‘party,’ as used, in that proviso, to include both those who, according to the established rules of pleading and evidence, are parties to the issue, and those who, not being parties, have an interest in the result of that issue.” (Page 164.)
In the case of Merchants Bank v. Cook, 21 Mass. 405, it was said:
“The word party then is unquestionably a technical word, and has a precise meaning in legal parlance. By it is understood he or they by or against whom a suit is brought, whether at law or in equity; the party plaintiff or defendant, whether composed of one or more individuals, and whether natural or legal persons.” (Page 411. See, also, Cullen v. Woolverton, 65 N. J. Law, 279, 47 Atl. 626.)
In the following cases it has been held that statutes of this kind do not apply to officers or agents, of corporations: City Savings Bank v. Enos, 135 Cal. 167, 67 Pac. 52; Merriman v. Wickersham, 141 Cal. 567, 75 Pac. 180; Flach v. Gottschalk Co., 88 Md. 368, 41 Atl. 908, 42 L. R. A. 745, 71 Am. St. Rep. 418; N. J. Trust Co. v. Camden Safe Co., 58 N. J. Law, 196, 33 Atl. 475; In re Will of Bruendl, 102 Wis. 45, 78 N. W. 169.
This suit was brought by the school district as plaintiff. None of the witnesses called by it was a party to the action. The most that can be said against their competency is that as taxpayers of the district they
As a general rule, injunction will not lie to restrain a naked trespass. The reason of the rule is that an action for damages ordinarily will afford an adequate remedy, and will give each party the opportunity to have his rights adjusted by the verdict of a jury. If, however, the trespasser is insolvent, or for any other reason an action at law would be inadequate, injunction will be granted to restrain even a naked trespass. Where the injuries inflicted by a trespass are of a continuing kind, or are injurious to growing trees or other property for which damages would not compensate, injunction will lie. (28 A. & E. Encycl. of L. 595; 16 A. & E. Encycl. of L. 361; Webster v. Cooke, 23 Kan. 637; Godfrey v. Black, 39 Kan. 193, 17 Pac. 849, 7 Am. St. Rep. 544.) An adequate remedy at law which will preclude proceedings in equity must be equally complete, efficient, practical and prompt with the remedy in equity. (Keplinger v. Woolsey, 4 Neb. [unofficial] 282, 93 N. W. 1008; Beardsley v. Bennett, 1 Day [Conn.], 107; State ex rel. v. Guinotte, 156 Mo. 513, 57 S. W. 281, 50 L. R. A. 787.)
Applying these principles to this case, we find the school district annoyed by a hostile party claiming to be the owner of premises which it has peaceably occupied as owner for many years. This claimant removed the fence which enclosed the schoolhouse site, removed the outbuildings and rendered them unfit for use, plowed the land and planted it in corn, and openly proclaimed his ownership of the premises. He served notice upon the district to remove its improvements and surrender the premises to him; and further, by a hostile attitude toward the district, intimidated the people so that a public school could not be satisfactorily held there. In addition to this, the claimant, without legal proceedings, asserted the right to continue in the
We are unable to find that the court committed material error in any of the matters of which the plaintiff in error complains, and therefore its judgment is affirmed.