402 U.S. 954 | SCOTUS | 1971
Sup. Ct. Ga. Certiorari denied.
On March 2, 1971, this Court decided Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U. S. 371, holding that Connecticut could not consistently with the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses deny access to its divorce courts to indigents unable to pay relatively small filing and service of process fees.
One case, Sloatman v. Gibbons, No. 5067, is distinguishable from Boddie only by the fact that Arizona permits an extension of time for an indigent to pay the statutory fee when filing for a divorce. In re Garland, No. 5971, involves the right of a bankrupt to file a petition for discharge in bankruptcy without payment of the $50 statutory fee. Meltzer v. LeCraw & Co., No. 5048, involves a slightly more subtle form of handicap to the indigent seeking judicial resolution of a dispute. In that case a tenant who fights his eviction by resort to
The Court has decided to note probable jurisdiction in No. 6158, Lindsey v. Normet. Review will be denied in five of the other cases — Nos. 5048, 5208, 5054, 5971, and 6375 — while the judgments in the two remaining cases are to be vacated and the cases remanded for reconsideration in light of the decision in Boddie. I agree with my Brethren that Lindsey v. Normet should be set for argument, but I cannot understand why that case is singled out for special treatment and why distinctions are made between the other cases. For the reasons set out below, I would grant the petitions or note probable jurisdiction in each of the other cases and set them for argument or reverse them outright on the basis of the decision in Boddie.
In my view, the decision in Boddie v. Connecticut can safely rest on only one crucial foundation — that the civil courts of the United States and each of the States belong to the people of this country and that no person can be denied access to those courts, either for a trial or an appeal, because he cannot pay a fee, finance a
The opinion in Boddie attempts to draw two distinctions between divorce and other disputes. The Court there stated that access to the judicial process in divorce matters is the “exclusive precondition to the adjustment of a fundamental human relationship.” Supra, at 383. The two elements, then, that require open access to the courts are that the judicial mechanism be the “exclusive” means of resolving the dispute and that the dispute involve “fundamental” subject matter. The first element — the “exclusiveness” of the judicial process as a remedy — is no limitation at all. The States and the Federal Government hold the ultimate power of enforcement in almost every dispute. Every law student learns in the first semester of law school that property, for instance, is “valuable” only because the State will enforce the collection of rights that attach to its ownership. Thus, the State holds the ultimate remedy in almost every property dispute. Similarly, the wrong that gives rise to a right of damages in tort exists only because society’s lawmakers have created a standard of care and a duty to abide by that standard. The alternatives to resort to the judicial process in tort cases are negotiation and settlement, abandonment of recovery, private self-
The other distinction between divorce and different kinds of controversies suggested in the Boddie opinion is the degree to which the disputes are regarded as “fundamental.” The extent to which this requirement limits the holding of Boddie is found in the very facts of that decision — the right to seek a divorce is simply not very “fundamental” in the hierarchy of disputes. Marriage is one of the cornerstones of our civilized society. Society generally places a high value on marriage and a low value on the right to divorce. And since Boddie held that the right to a divorce was “fundamental,” I can only conclude that almost every other kind of legally
In my judgment, the crucial foundation on which Boddie rests also forbids denial of an indigent’s right of appeal in civil cases merely because he is too poor to pay appeal costs. Once the right to unhampered access to the judicial process has been established, that right is diluted unless the indigent litigant has an opportunity to assert and obtain review of the errors committed at trial. Since Boddie rejected distinctions between the civil and the criminal process in determining the permissibility of restrictions upon access to the courts, we need only apply to civil cases our long line of holdings that indigent criminals cannot because of their indigency be denied an appeal or the right to a state-furnished record on appeal. See Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U. S. 12 (1956); Draper v. Washington, 372 U. S. 487 (1963); Long v. District Court of Iowa, 385 U. S. 192 (1966); Roberts v. LaVallee, 389
Finally, there cannot be meaningful access to the judicial process until every serious litigant is represented by competent counsel. Cf. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U. S. 335 (1963); Douglas v. California, supra. Of course, not every litigant would be entitled to appointed counsel no matter how frivolous his claims might be. See Ellis v. United States, 356 U. S. 674 (1958). But the fundamental importance of legal representation in our system of adversary justice is beyond dispute. Since Boddie held that there must be meaningful access to civil courts in divorce cases, I can only conclude that Boddie necessitates the appointment of counsel for indigents in such cases. In fact, this Court has held that attorneys’ fees are part of the costs of litigation and may be taxed as costs. Sprague v. Ticonic National Bank, 307 U. S. 161 (1939). And as with fees and transcripts, I will never agree to limit the advantages of free counsel to divorce cases. See n. 1, supra. The necessity of state-appointed counsel is particularly acute in cases like one of those before us, Kaufman v. Carter, where the State initiates a civil proceeding against an individual to deprive her of the custody of her children. Here the State is employing the judicial mechanism it has created to enforce society’s will upon an individual and take away her children. The case by its very nature resembles a criminal prosecution. The defendant is charged with conduct — failure to care properly for her children— which may be criminal and which in any event is viewed as reprehensible and morally wrong by a majority of society. And the cost of being unsuccessful is dearly high— loss of the companionship of one’s children. Indeed, Bod-die held that an indigent was entitled to state-paid court costs in a divorce contest, and such cases almost always
For the reasons expressed above and given in the decision in Boddie I would set each of these cases for argument or reverse them outright and hold that citizens cannot be barred from their courts because they are too poor to afford the required fees and bonds or because they cannot hire the professional legal help essential to turn the wheels of justice. There is simply no fairness or justice in a legal system which pays indigents’ costs to get divorces and does not aid them in other civil cases which are frequently of far greater importance to society.
The facts of these cases are set out by Mr. Justice Black. All of them except No. 6375, Kaufman v. Carter, involve people who are denied access to the judicial process solely because of their indigency. Kaufman presents a distinctly different problem. There the State commenced a civil suit in 1963, declared petitioner an unfit mother and took five of her seven children away from her. The status of the children is reviewed annually as required by state law. She did not initially seek counsel; but in the 1968 review proceedings she did. The State is enforcing its view of proper public policy. That procedure has consequences for the citizen so great that it is hardly an extension to say the rationale of Douglas v. California, 372 U. S. 353, demands that she be provided counsel. I would grant certiorari and reverse in this case.
Today’s decisions underscore the difficulties with the Boddie approach. In Boddie the majority found marriage and its dissolution to be so fundamental as to require allowing indigents access to divorce courts without costs. When indigency is involved I do not think there is a hierarchy of interests. Marriage and its dissolution are of course fundamental. But the parent-child relationship is also of sufficient importance to require appointment of counsel when the State initiates and maintains proceedings to destroy it. Similarly, obtaining a fresh start in life through bankruptcy proceedings or securing adequate housing and the other procedures in these cases seemingly come within the Equal Protection Clause, as suggested by my separate opinion in Boddie.
This opinion also applies to No. 5050, Frederick et al. v. Schwartz et al., supra; No. 5208, Beverly v. Scotland Urban Enterprises, Inc., supra; No. 6158, Lindsey et al. v. Normet et al., supra; No. 5971, In re Garland et al., infra; No. 5054, Bourbeau v. Lancaster, infra; No. 5067, Sloatman v. Gibbons et al., supra; and No. 6375, Kaufman v. Carter, infra.
I dissented in Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U. S. 371, 389 (1971), but now believe that if the decision in that case is to continue to be the law, it cannot and should not be restricted to persons seeking a divorce. It is bound to be expanded to all civil cases. Persons seeking a divorce are no different from other members of society who must resort to the judicial process for resolution of their disputes. Consistent with the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution, special favors cannot and should not be accorded to divorce litigants.
By “exclusive precondition” the Court in Boddie might have been suggesting that divorce is constitutionally different from all other kinds of disputes because even when the two parties to the marriage agree to end their relationship they still must seek judicial approval. But Boddie by its terms is not limited to divorces in which the parties have agreed to terminate their marriage. And the plaintiff in a contested tort case finds resort to the judicial process every bit as necessary as the litigant seeking a contested divorce.
Even if “exclusive precondition” meant that the formality of judicial approval was mandatory, the Boddie rationale would go far beyond divorce. Citizens generally must resort to courts for adoptions, to probate a will, to obtain a discharge in bankruptcy, for child custody determinations, to clear title to land in rem, to obtain an adjudication of incompetency, to change a name, and for other matters. It would be extremely arbitrary to limit Boddie to these particular kinds of disputes.
This opinion also applies to No. 5208, Beverly v. Scotland Urban Enterprises, Inc., supra; No. 5971, In re Garland et al., infra; No. 5054, Bourbeau v. Lancaster, infra; and No. 6375, Kaufman v. Carter, infra.