Lead Opinion
OPINION
In this suit to recover on a promissory note, plaintiff Melanie Dorsett contends that the trial court erred in granting a no-evidence summary judgment in favor of the defendant, Hispanic Housing and Education Corporation. Because we conclude that Dorsett produced sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact on the challenged elements of her claim, we reverse and remand.
I. Factual and ProceduRal Background
In 2002, Melanie Foster loaned $79,000 to Hispanic Housing and Education Corporation (“HHEC”). HHEC’s president and secretary executed a promissory note setting forth the terms of the five-year loan. HHEC defaulted in payment of the loan. After Foster’s death, her daughter Melanie Dorsett, the executor of Foster’s es
The parties agreed to pass that hearing, and approximately a year later, the motion was rescheduled for hearing by submission to take place on August 23, 2010. HHEC did not file a new motion and Dorsett did not file a new response.
The trial court granted the motion on September 28, 2010. Dorsett filed a motion for reconsideration or for a new trial, and HHEC responded opposing the motion. In its response to the new-trial motion, HHEC stated that Dorsett had never served it with a copy of her summary-judgment response, and that HHEC first learned on August 20, 2010 that such a response had been filed; however, HHEC did not ask the trial court to strike Dor-sett’s summary-judgment response or the evidence on which she relied, and the trial court allowed her motion for reconsideration or for a new trial to be overruled by operation of law.
In a single issue, Dorsett contends that the trial court erred in granting HHEC’s motion for summary judgment.
II. Analysis
Because HHEC stated in its response brief that Dorsett has the burden on appeal to show that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding her summary-judgment response and evidence, we begin by clarifying the issue presented and the applicable standard of review.
Although evidentiary rulings generally are reviewed for abuse of discretion, the record does not show that the trial court ever made any evidentiary rulings in this case. The trial court was not asked to, and did not, strike Dorsett’s summary-judgment response or exclude her evidence. HHEC assumes that the trial court did not consider Dorsett’s response and evidence because, according to HHEC, her response was not timely filed, and because she failed to serve HHEC with a copy of her response. The record does not reflect that the response was untimely when the trial court granted summary judgment or that HHEC timely raised the issue of Dorsett’s alleged failure to serve her response.
When a summary-judgment hearing is rescheduled to a later time, a response filed less than seven days before the original setting can be rendered timely. See Dalehite v. Nauta, 79 S.W.3d 243, 245 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). This is because the time for a response is calculated by counting back from the date of the hearing, not the date on which a hearing was passed. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 166a(c) (“Except on leave of court, the adverse party, not later than seven days prior to the day of hearing may file and serve opposing affidavits or other written response.”); Dalehite, 79 S.W.3d at 245. Thus, if the respondent cannot file a response at least seven days before the time scheduled for the hearing, she can take steps to reschedule the hearing to a later date. See Dolgencorp of Tex., Inc. v. Lerma, 288 S.W.3d 922, 927 (Tex.2009) (“[T]he rules relating to summary judgment afford the defaulting party an opportunity to obtain additional time to file a response ... by requesting a continuance of the summary judgment hearing.”). Here, it was unnecessary to move for a
Although HHEC contends that Dorsett did not serve its counsel with a copy of her summary-judgment response, this does not automatically result in the exclusion of the response. Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 21b sets out the consequence for failure to serve opposing counsel as required: the trial court may in its discretion impose sanctions, but no sanctions were requested or imposed here. Here, HHEC admits that on August 20, 2010, its counsel learned that Dorsett had filed a summary-judgment response. The trial court did not rule on the summary-judgment motion for nearly six weeks after that time, during which HHEC did not move to strike Dorsett’s summary-judgment response or exclude her evidence. Five weeks after the trial court rendered judgment, HHEC complained for the first time that Dorsett did not serve her summary-judgment response, and even then, HHEC did not ask the trial court to strike her summary-judgment evidence, nor did the court do so. To the contrary, the trial court stated in its summary-judgment order that it considered both the summary-judgment motion and “any response thereto.” See Martin v. Martin, Martin & Richards, Inc.,. 989 S.W.2d 357, 358-59 (Tex.1998) (per curiam) (giving effect, in an appeal of a summary judgment, to the recitation in the trial court’s order that it considered the non-movant’s summary-judgment response). See also Strother v. City of Rockwall, 358 S.W.3d 462, 468-69 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2012, no pet.) (with the exception of objections to the substance of the evidence, objections to summary-judgment evidence are waived by the failure to obtain a ruling); Plotkin v. Joekel, 304 S.W.3d 455, 486 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (“As with any ruling, a summary-judgment order’s review generally extends to the evidence that was before the court when it ruled, absent an indication that the court did not consider certain evidence for purposes of that ruling.”). We therefore will review the merits of the summary judgment.
A. Standard of Review
We review the trial court’s grant of a summary judgment de novo. Ferguson v. Bldg. Materials Corp. of Am., 295 S.W.3d 642, 644 (Tex.2009) (per curiam) (citing Tex. Mun. Power Agency v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Tex., 253 S.W.3d 184, 192 (Tex.2007)). We consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the non-movant if a reasonable factfinder could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. See Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex.2006). We must affirm the
In a no-evidence motion for summary judgment, the movant represents that there is no evidence of one or more essential elements of the claims for which the nonmovant bears the burden of proof at trial. Tex.R. Civ. P. 166a(i); Timpte Indus., Inc. v. Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex.2009). The burden then shifts to the nonmovant to present evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact as to the elements specified in the motion. Mack Trucks, 206 S.W.3d at 582. We sustain a no-evidence summary judgment when (1) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (4) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 816 (Tex.2005). The evidence is insufficient if “it is ‘so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion’ ” that the challenged fact exists. Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. Nat’l Dev. & Research Corp., 299 S.W.3d 106, 115 (Tex.2009) (quoting Kroger Tex. L.P. v. Suberu, 216 S.W.3d 788, 793 (Tex.2006)).
B. Basis of the Motion
In its motion for summary judgment, HHEC asserted that there was no evidence of certain elements of a breach-of-contract claim, and no evidence to support various allegations raised in Dorsett’s pleadings, but not all of these allegations were essential elements of Dorsett’s suit on the promissory note. To prevail in a suit on a promissory note, a plaintiff need not prove all of the elements of breach of contract. “To recover on a promissory note, the plaintiff must prove: (1) the note in question; (2) the party sued signed the note; (3) the plaintiff is the owner or holder of the note, and (4) a certain balance is due and owing on the note.” Geiselman v. Cramer Fin. Group, Inc., 965 S.W.2d 532, 536 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no writ). HHEC stated in its motion that Dorsett had no evidence that HHEC (1) had a duty to pay the Promissory Note, (2) had a duty to pay late fees and accrued interest under the Note, (3) defaulted in paying the Note, (4) breached the contract, (5) failed to pay, or (6) caused the Estate damages. Dorsett did not specially except to the motion as ambiguous, so we presume that she was able to understand which elements of her claim were challenged.
As we understand it, HHEC’s assertion that there was no evidence that it had a duty to pay the Note was, in effect, an assertion that there was no evidence that it had signed the note. Similarly, by representing that there was no evidence that it failed to pay, HHEC was asserting that there was no evidence that a balance was due. HHEC did not challenge the existence or ownership of the note, and did not contend that that a particular amount of the unspecified outstanding balance lacked support.
In response, Dorsett relied on her own affidavit and a document prepared on HHEC’s letterhead and titled, “Promissory Note.” Dorsett authenticated the note, and HHEC neither disputed that the signatures identified as those of HHEC’s president and secretary were in fact the signatures of those individuals, nor denied that they were authorized to bind HHEC; thus, Dorsett’s summary-judgment evidence was sufficient to defeat HHEC’s argument that it had no duty to pay the
This leaves only HHEC’s assertion that there was no evidence that it failed to pay, but this basis for summary judgment was rebutted by Dorsett’s affidavit. There, she attested that HHEC “made periodic payments for a period of time on the note. However, [HHEC] missed numerous payments, was late with payment many times and in June 2007, ceased paying on the note altogether. The effect of the late payments and non-payments was to extend the duration of the note significantly.”
III. Conclusion
Because Dorsett’s summary-judgment response presented evidence sufficient to raise a question of fact as to each element of her cause of action challenged in HHEC’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
FROST, J., concurring.
. The original five-year loan period began in May 2002; thus, if payments had been made as agreed, the last payment on the note would have been made a year before suit was filed.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
Appellant/plaintiff Melanie Dorsett, as executrix of Melanie Foster’s Estate, pleaded a single claim to recover on a promissory note against appellee/defen-dant Hispanic Housing and Education Corporation (the “Corporation”). In its no-evidence motion for summary judgment the Corporation did not assert that there was no evidence of one or more of the essential elements of Dorsett’s promissory-note claim, as required by Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(i). Therefore, the Corporation’s motion was insufficient as a matter of law, and the trial court erred in granting summary judgment. Though the majority reaches the right result in reversing the trial court’s judgment, it does so after concluding that the summary-judgment evidence raised a fact issue as to two essential elements of Dorsett’s promissory-note claim. This analysis is incorrect because the Corporation did not challenge these elements in its no-evidence motion, and even if the Corporation had done so, the summary judgment evidence does not raise a fact issue as to one of these essential elements of Dorsett’s claim.
Dorsett’s PromissoRY-Note Claim
In her petition, Dorsett asserts a single claim against the Corporation — a promissory-note claim. As noted by the majori
The Corporation’s Summary-Judgment Motion
The Corporation attached no evidence to its summary-judgment motion, and the Corporation did not assert any traditional summary-judgment grounds. The Corporation asserted only no-evidence grounds. In its motion, however, the Corporation did not mention the essential elements of Dorsett’s promissory-note claim. Instead, the Corporation asserted that Dorsett’s claim was for breach of contract. The Corporation then listed the alleged essential elements of a breach-of-contract claim, none of which are the same as the essential elements of a promissory-note claim. In the course of challenging three of the four essential elements of a breach-of-contract claim that it had listed, the Corporation asserted that Dorsett had no evidence that (1) the Corporation had a duty to pay the promissory note in question, (2) the Corporation had a duty to pay late fees and accrued interest under the note, (3) the Corporation defaulted in paying the note, (4) the Corporation breached the contract, (5) the Corporation failed to pay the note, or (6) the Corporation’s alleged breach of contract caused Dorsett “injury.”
The Legal Insufficiency of the Corporation’s Motion
For the Corporation’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment to be deemed legally sufficient, the Corporation must have stated in the motion that there was no evidence of one or more essential elements of Dorsett’s promissory-note claim. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 166a(i); Cuyler v. Minns, 60 S.W.3d 209, 212 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied); Weaver v. Highlands Ins. Co., 4 S.W.3d 826, 829 n. 2 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). The Corporation was not entitled to summary judgment as to a claim Dorsett did not assert. See Miller v. Schwartz, No. 14-04-00352-CV, 2005 WL 757249, at *2 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 5, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.). Even though a promissory note is considered a species of contract, Texas courts have specified different essential elements for a claim on a promissory note than for a claim for breach of other types of contracts. Compare McLernon, 347 S.W.3d at 324, with Aguiar v. Segal, 167 S.W.3d 443, 450 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). To have been entitled to a no-evidence summary judgment as to Dorsett’s promissory-note claim, the Corporation would have had to state in its motion that there was no evidence of one or more essential elements of this claim. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 166a(i); Cuyler, 60 S.W.3d at 212; Weaver, 4 S.W.3d at 829 n. 2. Because the Corporation did not do so, the Corporation’s motion is insufficient as a matter of law. -See Tex.R. Civ. P. 166a(i); Miller, 2005 WL 757249, at *2 (holding trial court erred in granting no-evidence summary judgment challenging
The Majority’s Analysis
The majority recites the essential elements of Dorsett’s promissory-note claim and then lists the elements attacked in the Corporation’s motion, none of which are the same as the essential elements of Dor-sett’s promissory-note claim. The majority does not find the Corporation’s motion to be insufficient as a matter of law, apparently because Dorsett did not specially except. See ante at p. 613. But special exceptions are not required. See Cuyler, 60 S.W.3d at 212-13. The majority then appears to conclude that the grounds stated in the Corporation’s motion are effectively equivalent to assertions that (1) there is no evidence the Corporation is the maker of the note, and (2) there is no evidence of a “certain balance” that is due and owing on the note. See ante at pp. 613-14. A review of the grounds specified in the Corporation s motion shows that these grounds are not equivalent to a challenge to these two essential elements of Dorsett’s claim. If these grounds were expressly asserted in the Corporation’s motion, this court would have to affirm the trial court’s judgment because there is no summary-judgment evidence of a “certain balance” due and owing on the note. See McLemon, 347 S.W.3d at 324-25. That is one of the differences between the essential elements of the two claims. In a promissory-note claim, the claimant must present proof of an amount that she claims is due and owing on the note. See id. The fact that Dorsett did not provide such evidence in the trial court is not surprising because the Corporation did not assert that there was no evidence of this essential element and thereby put Dorsett on notice that she had to present such evidence to avoid summary judgment.
This court should hold that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because the Corporation’s motion is insufficient as a matter of law. Because the court fails to do so, I respectfully decline to join the majority’s analysis, but I concur in the court’s judgment reversing and remanding the case to the trial court.