113 Tenn. 453 | Tenn. | 1904
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The bill in this case seeks to set up a trust and beneficial ownership in a tract of land held by the defendant Frances T. Mee under a deed from her husband, Columbus A. Mee, which upon its face has no declaration or expression of trust. It is sought to impress this trust and set up the beneficial interest by parol proof. The habendum part of the deed, which is the only part necessary to be specially noted, is in these words:
“To have and to hold said lands herein conveyed unto the said Frances T. Mee herself and her lawful assigns forever in fee simple, and said Frances T. Mee is hereby authorized and empowered to sell, to dispose of and convey any or all of said property by sale or by will,
The contention is that Columbus A. Mee, when he made this deed, intended that the property should be held in trust by his wife, the grantee, for the benefit of his nephews Columbus A. Mee and Paul Mee, and that there was an agreement upon her part that upon his death she would convey the same to them. It is properly conceded that a trust may be impressed upon property held under a deed absolute upon its face by parol proof of an agreement made at the time the deed is executed that the property should be held and impressed with such trust. Woodfin v. Marks, 104 Tenn., 512, 58 S. W., 227; Thompson v. Thompson (Tenn. Ch. App.), 54 S. W., 145, and authorities there cited. But it is said that it is not competent or allowable to set up such a trust in opposition to the provisions of the deed. In other words, if the deed, upon its face and by its terms, is absolute, and conveys to the grantee a fee-simple estate, without more, the trust character can be shown by parol, because this would not in any way contradict the terms of the deed. But if the deed contains provisions which expressly or by clear imputation give the grantee a power or discretion to defeat the trust, or are inconsistent with it, then the trust' does not exist in such shape as to be mandatory upon the grantee.
To illustrate still further, and at the same time present the exact point of controversy in the case, it is conceded that if the deed to Mrs. Mee had contained the
But if the deed, after conveying a fee-simple estate, contains provisions which confer upon the grantee discretionary power to defeat the trust, then parol evidence is not competent to defeat these provisions, and the deed cannot thus be altered or contradicted, or its provisions modified or impressed with any character or trust inconsistent with the provisions of the deed.
The real question in the case, which presents itself, is whether this deed, upon its face, contains any provisions or stipulations inconsistent with the trust attempted to be set up, and whether the imposition of such a trust would be a contradiction of the terms of the deed.
We are of opinion, if this deed contained the usual habendum clause of a fee-simple deed, it would be competent by parol to superimpose upon it a trust in favor of third persons. We speak now of the competency, and not of the sufficiency, of such parol evidence. Woodfin v. Marks, 104 Tenn., 512, 58 S. W., 227; Hall v. Livingston, 3 Del. Ch., 373; Brison v. Brison, 75 Cal., 533, 17 Pac., 689, 7 Am. St. Rep., 189; Shelton v. Shelton, 58 N. C., 295; Patton v. Beecher, 62 Ala., 585.
But we are of opinion that the deed in controversy is
That she has the power to convey by deed or will to the complainants is plain, and we think it equally plain that she has the discretion, coupled with the power, not to convey it to them, but to dispose of it otherwise, as-she may see fit, and for such purposes as she may deem best.
If this be the proper construction of the provisions of the deed, then we are of opinion that parol proof is not competent to change, alter, modify, or nullify these provisions, or to defeat such discretion.
The general principle that parol proof will not be allowed to change, alter, or contradict the terms of a written instrument is admitted, and is, we think, clearly applicable. It follows that even if parol proof should be allowed to show that Mrs. Mee at one time or frequently had agreed with her husband to .hold this property in trust for, and to convey it to, his nephews the complainants, still the deed, when written, gave her the option or discretion to do so, or not, as he might see fit,
If the deed intended to, and by its terms does, confer -upon Mrs. Mee an option and discretion to dispose of the land free from the trust, then, even if there should be a subsequent clause expressly raising the trust, the discretionary provisions would be superior, and the trust provisions would he subordinate.
In this- connection, it is proper to remark that the court of chancery appeals does not find that anything was said to the draftsman of the deed, or any one there, at the time of the execution of the deed, expressing a desire to impress a-trust upon the property, hut the evidence which was considered by the court of chancery appeals consisted of conversations and statements made by and between Mr. and Mrs. M'ee previous to the execution of the deed, and Mrs. Mee’s subsequent statement. That court, after reporting upon the evidence, says: “The real, difficult question in the case is whether or not Col. Mee conveyed this lower farm to his wife, leaving it to her discretion and judgment as to whether or not she would convey it to complainants. It is manifest from the proof, however, that after the death of her husband she expressly said to complainants and others that she intended to. convey it to complainants, and to convey it to them in obedience to- the known wish of her husband. We think, therefore, that she held this land in trust for'complainants.”
It thus appears that the qourt of chancery appeals did
But we do- not think this follows by any means, but the action of Mrs. Mee is wholly consistent with the view that she was exercising her own discretion as to making such conveyance.
She may at one time, even after her husband’s death, have intended to make the conveyance as her husband had desired; but it is clear she did not execute that intention when requested to do so, but withheld the execution of the deed, and kept it in abeyance, although, under the trust as attempted to be set up, she was obligated to make such conveyance at once upon the death of the husband. Her. action in declining at that time to make the conveyance negatives, instead of supports, the mandatory character of the trust, as sought to be set up, and at the same time is entirely consistent with the construction and language of the instrument, that she was to sell, convey, or dispose of it as she might see fit, and for such purpose as she might deem best. A mere expression of intention would not, in the absence of execution, create the trust, nor make it any more binding. The only case in our books militating against
The opinion in the case was delivered by a special judge, and the question involved in this case was not passed upon, and, so far as we can see, not presented to the court in that case. In the present case it is argued that the words in the deed of Mr. Mee authorizing and empowering Mrs. Mee to sell, dispose of, and convey any or all of said property by sale or by will, or otherwise as she may see fit to do, and for such purposes as she may deem best, does not confer any greater estate nor give any more power to Mrs. Mee than would a deed in fee simple, upon which it is conceded a trust may be imposed. This we grant, but the question is not one of power to make the conveyance. That exists in the one case as well as in the other. But in the fee-simple deed there is no conferring of discretion by the terms of the instrument. This discretion is added to the deed in controversy, and the parol proof seeks to vary and contradict these provisions which confer the discretion.
If there were no language in the deed giving the discretion, then the setting up of the trust would not be contrary to the language of the deed.
The principle upon which, in such case, parol evidence is admissible, is the supposed incompleteness of
It is laid down that tbe courts, following tbe analogy of uses, never permit tbe averment of a trust in contradiction to any expression of intention on tbe face of tbe instrument itself. Lewis on Trusts, sec. 51.
Again, “parol evidence is .admissible to show tbe purpose for Avbicb an instrument was executed, and that its design and object were different from wbat its language, if alone considered, would indicate.”
But tbe rule is subject to tbe qualification that tbe purpose thus declared by parol must not be inconsistent with tbe express terms of tbe instrument, for, if tbe parties have clearly stated tbeir purpose in tbe instrument itself, no extrinsic evidence will be received to contradict it. 21 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.), pp. 1111, 1113.
It is difficult to understand, if Mr. Mee did not intend bis wife to have this discretion and power, wby be did not bimsplf make tbe deed directly to bis nephews. Wby place tbe title in ber at all, if sbe must in any event and immediately pass it on to tbe complainants?
We do not stop to inquire wbat tbe object of Mr. Mee was in giving tbis power or discretion to bis wife, nor wby sbe bas seen proper to exercise it. Tbe crucial question before us is, does tbe deed give tbe discretion in express terms in writing? If so, it cannot be taken away by parol evidence, because tbe effect of sucb evidence must inevitably be to defeat a discretion conferred
The view which we have taken is not only based upon sound reason, but also upon authority. Woodfin v. Marks, 104 Tenn., 512, 58 S. W., 227; Thompson v. Thompson (Tenn. Ch. App.), 54 S. W., 145; 1 Lewis on Trusts, sec. 51; 21 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d Ed.), pp. 1111, 1113; Thomas v. Scutt, 127 N. Y., 133, 140, 27 N. E., 961, and cases cited in notes; Hutchins v. Hebbard, 34 N. Y., 24, and notes; Chapin v. Dobson, 78 N. Y., 74, 34 Am. Rep., 512, and notes; Hall v. Livingston, 3 Del. Ch., 373.
In the latter case the distinction here attempted to he set out is plainly stated as follows:
“The effort of complainant is not to contradict or to impair the legal operation of the deed to Livingston, but rather to charge him, as the legal owner under the deed, with a trust arising out of an agreement dehors the deed' touching its object and the uses of the estate conveyed.”
There is a well-recognized distinction between con-, tradicting a deed or impairing its legal operation and the arising out of the transaction of an equity dehors the deed binding the grantee’s conscience to hold the land for the real purposes of the conveyance, and not according to its legal operation, when the latter use of it would, under the circumstances, work fraud. Such an equity is held to be independent of the deed, not excluded by it, as a mere conveyance of the legal estate, unless there be in it some terms or implication to that
The only real question in the casé, as we view it, is whether the setting up of the trust as is asked for will contradict the terms of the deed; and we are of opinion that such trust, if declared to be mandatory, and not a matter of discretion on the part of Mrs. Mee, will be a direct contradiction, and the two cannot consist together. The decree of the court of chancery appeals is reversed, and the bill is dismissed, at complainants’ costs.