189 Ill. App. 323 | Ill. App. Ct. | 1914
delivered the opinion of the court.
Plaintiff conducted an advertising agency and contracted orally in 1901 with defendant, a railway corporation, to place, when requested by the defendant, its advertisements in papers and magazines, for which defendant agreed to pay plaintiff, at regular advertising rates, in passenger transportation on its lines, as plaintiff might request. This business arrangement was continued between them until December 31, 1906, at which time plaintiff claims there was a balance due him in money of $4,600.84. By suit plaintiff recovered judgment for this amount, from which defendant has appealed.
The case was tried on a stipulation of facts. The only questions presented are those of law. The occasion of the controversy was the passage by Congress of the so-called Hepburn Act, which became effective January 1, 1907, and which operated to prohibit defendant issuing passenger tickets for advertising. This terminated the contract, and of course made it illegal for defendant after that date to pay plaintiff, in transportation, any balance there might be due him for advertising placed before the Hepburn Act went into effect. The question therefore is, where the medium of payment for services is rendered impossible by a statutory enactment subsequent to the contract, is the debt cancelled or does it become payable in money?
In Parsons on Contracts, vol. 3, sec. 215, it is said:
‘ ‘ The true question is, whether it was intended that the promissor might elect to pay the money or deliver the articles; or in other words, whether it was agreed only that he owed so much money, and might pay it either in cash or goods, as he saw fit. There might be something in the form of the promise, in the res gestae, or in the circumstances of the case, which, by showing the intention of the parties, would decide the general question * * *. But if the promise be only to pay one thousand dollars at a certain time, in flour, then this sum is to be paid either in flour or in money, at the election of the payor.”
The author cites in support of this proposition the case of Brooks v. Hubbard, 3 Conn. 58; and in that opinion it- is said that the effect of such an agreement is “to give an option to the defendant to pay the debt in collateral articles, at a stipulated price.”
The basic reason for holding such a contractual obligation to be payable in money if it cannot be paid in the commodity agreed upon, is touched upon in the opinion in Heywood v. Heywood, 42 Me. 229, where it is said, in substance, that agreements for paying in anything else than money “are always presumed to be made in favor" of the debtor;” and further, concerning the contract in question in that case, “the contract to pay a certain sum in specific articles, at an ¿greed price, being for the benefit of the debtor, he has the election to pay in that manner, or in cash.” To the same effect are Murray v. Gale, 52 Barb. (N. Y.) 427; and Rodes v. Bronson, 34 N. Y. 649, where it is said that the established rule of law is “that a provision in a contract for the payment of an expressed sum, making such sum payable in a specific commodity, is for the benefit of the promissor.” See also Hitchcock v. Galveston, 96 U. S. 341; Parsons on Contracts, vol. 2, sec. 657, says: “If one branch of the alternative becomes impossible, so that the promisor has no longer an election, this does not destroy his obligation, unless the contract expressly so provide; but he is now bound to perform the other alternative. ” This is almost the exact language of the court in Chapman v. County of Douglas, 107 U. S. 348. Many other cases might be cited in support of this doctrine, including Summers v. Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., 153 Ill. 102; Bacon v. Cobb, 45 Ill. 47; Tartt v. Ramey, 158 Ill. App. 468; and Barstow v. McLachlan, 99 Ill. 641, where the Court said: “The stipulation to pay $6,000 in hardware became, in default of payment, an obligation to pay in money.” Borah v. Curry, 12 Ill. 66, and numerous other cases.
Simple justice, fortified by consideration of these numerous decisions, leads easily to the conclusion that the operation of the Hepburn Act cannot avail to defeat plaintiff’s right to be paid the balance due him in money.
We are also of the opinion that the action does not come within the statute of frauds, for the reason that the contract is not a contract that is not to be performed within one year. The contract might have been performed within one year, as it could be terminated at any time by either party, or it might be terminated within the year by the death of the plaintiff. In Hulse v. Hulse, 155 Ill. App. 343, it is said: “If the contract might, by any contingency, have been performed within one year, it is not within the Statute of Frauds.” To the same effect also is Osgood v. Skinner, 111 Ill. App. 606. A further reason appears from the fact that the contract has been fully performed by the plaintiff; therefore the defendant is estopped from relying upon the statute of frauds. It is said in Swansey v. Moore, 22 Ill. 63, that executed contracts are never within the statute of frauds. To the same effect are Pearce v. Pearce, 184 Ill. 289; Cleveland, C., C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. Wood, 189 Ill. 352; MacDonald v. Crosby, 192 Ill. 283.
There is no ground in this ease for the application of the statute of limitations. Under the stipulation of facts there appears to have been a mutual running account kept between the parties, with payments by the defendant in railroad tickets on account of the balance due and owing by it to the plaintiff, and such payments were made within five years previous to the bringing of the suit. No obligation was created in regard to each particular ^ item, but only for the balance, which was a constantly varying balance. The stipulation also shows that a certain amount was paid On account during December, 1906. These payments applied to the entire debt, as there was but one debt, and when these payments were credited it left the balance specified. As suit was commenced within five years from that date, those payments took the entire account out of the statute. See Knight v. Collings, 227 Ill. 348; Hennessey v. Walsh, 142 Ill. App. 237; Waldron v. Alexander, 136 Ill. 550; Neish v. Gannon, 198 Ill. 219.
The point that plaintiff should have first made a demand for transportation is answered by the numerous decisions to the effect that the law never requires •the performance of a useless act, and it is conceded that after the Hepburn Act went into effect it would have been useless for plaintiff to have demanded from the defendant payment in transportation.
Other contentions raised are without merit, and the rulings of the trial court on the propositions of law being free from error, the judgment followed properly .and is affirmed.
Affirmed.
