M'Dermut v. Lorillard

| New York Court of Chancery | Feb 6, 1832

The Vice-Chancellor.

The Revised Statutes declare that sales of real estate by any executor, made for the payment of debts and legacies, in pursuance of an authority given by any last will, shall be made after like notice and be conducted in the same manner as is prescribed in relation to sales by order of any Surrogate: 2 R. S. 109, sec. 56. Sales by order of Surrogates, are judicial sales; and in such cases, generally, the legislature has very wisely directed the manner in which they shall be advertised and conducted. The object is to secure an uniformity of practice; and, at the same time, prevent any advantage from being taken by those who are entrusted to carry them into effect. In such cases, six weeks notice of the time and place of sale are to be given. This notice is to contain an appropriate description of the property and a statement of improvements (if any,) and is to be posted in three public places, and published in a newspaper of the county: lb. 104, sec. 25.

These regulations have been overlooked or supposed not to apply to a sale under circumstances like the present. The sale here made was to enable the executors to pay debts and legacies. The whole estate is to be applied to those purposes; and so far, it is clearly within the letter of section 56. But from what follows there is room for a criticism; which, in my opinion, involves the law in an absurdity or prevents the application of the 58th section to a case like the present. It speaks of sales “ in pursuance of an authority given by any last will,” and the 25th and 28th sections require that they should be made after “ six weeks” notice and at “ public vendue.1’

Now, suppose the power as given in the will, and which is the authority to be pursued, does not admit of a sale upon -such a notice and in this manner: how is the law to be complied with? Again, suppose a will should authorize executors to sell only upon an advertisement of three weeks or upon a notice not to be published in a newspaper, or, as in this instance, “ at such time and in such manner as to them shall seem most “ advantageous,” and they should accordingly consider it most desirable, in conformity with the general practice in the city of New York, to sell upon a notice inserted in the newspapers only and not exceeding three weeks: or, take a still stronger" case: suppose a will should authorize the executors to sell at private sale and not by auction; now, in none of these cases can the sale be made according to the directions of the statute, and, at the same time, conformably to or in pursuance of the authority given by the will. Hence, it is obvious, a strict adherence to the letter of the statute will prevent the sale of real estate in many instances under powers contained in wills; and, if rigidly enforced, such powers in many cases will become a dead letter or be rendered entirely nugatory.

I am satisfied this consequence could not have been intended by the legislature. It is true that powers, as they existed at common law, are abolished; and the creation, construction and execution of present.powers are now subjects of statutory regulation. But the right to create a power by last will and testament is expressly declared. The statute, after providing that any unnecessary formalities in the execution of them or mere nominal conditions annexed, which evince no intention of actual benefit to the party to whom or in whose favor they are to be performed, may be overlooked and disregarded, directs that the intentions of the grantor of a power, as to the mode, time and conditions of its execution, shall be observed, subject to the right of this court to supply a defective execution in certain enumerated cases: 1 R.S. 736,737.

It is certain, therefore, that in no part of the Revised Statutes (and they are to be taken arid construed as if every portion was made at the same moment of time) is it meant to render nugatory any power properly granted or to defeat the intentions of the grantor in any essential particular. Indeed, the section under consideration evidently presupposes and admits, that all powers to executors for the sale of real estate may be executed by them and are to be performed in pursuance of the authority given. If it had been intended that no testator should confer a power of sale upon his executors, except such as should be carried into effect by a particular course of proceeding prescribed by law, the legislature would have declared it in terms; but this they have not done. No such restriction has been imposed; and powers must be executed in the manner pointed •out in the will where it is explicit on the subject.

What then is to become of. the statute? Is it to remain a dead letter? A construction, in my opinion, can be given to it which will leave it effectual for all the useful purposes for which it was designed: and that is, to regulate sales where no directions to the contrary, nor discretionary instructions are given by the will. In this point of view the section is made to read thus: sales of real estate by executors in pursuance of the authority given by any will shall be made, when not other- ■ wise directed, required or indicated by the authority itself, upon like notice, &c. as before prescribed. I think this is the true reading and the one which ought to be adopted.

. .. j. Ihe rules in regard to the exposition and construction oí statutes fully justify me. The intention of the lawgiver, when once ascertained, is to prevail over the literal sense of the words which are used. Such intention is to be gathered from a consideration of all parts of the statute taken and compared together; and it may be presumed according to the necessity of the matter and from that which is consonant to reason and good discretion: 1 Plowd. 205; 1 Kent’s Com. 432.

From these considerations it is manifest, that the introduction of this new provision into the Revised Statutes could not have been intended to interfere with the acknowledged right of a testator to grant a power which was to be executed according to his directions by his executors. It can only apply and govern in the sale of property, where it is to be made for the purpose of paying debts and. legacies and when the will is silent as to the manner of sale and does not require (as in the present case) the executors to be governed by their own judgment and discretion as to the time and place of sale.

My opinion, therefore, is, that the executors having sold at such" time and in such manner as they deemed most advantageous, for so I must take the fact to be, the sale is to be considered a regular and valid one, made in pursuance of the authority in the will and sufficient to vest in the defendant so far a good title.

If no other objections exist, I shall at once decree a specific performance.