Fuller, J.
This statutory contest for the office of county auditor resulted in a judgment predicated upon findings of fact favorable to Peter F. McMahon. Horace Crockett, the opposing candidate, holding the certificate of election, based upon the determination of the board of county canvassers that upon the face of the returns he had received a majority of one vote, prosecutes this appeal.
*13As the notice of intention to move for a new trial specifies all the errors relied upon, and is made a part of the bill of exceptions settled by the court in accordance with a stipulation entered into by counsel for the respective parties, there is no merit in, the contention that appellant is not entitled to are-view of the evidence because the bill contains no specifications of error. Mining Co. v. White, 10 S. D. 620, 74 N.W. 1060; Reagan v. McKibben, 11 S. D. 270; 76 N.W. 943" court="S.D." date_filed="1898-10-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/reagan-v-mckibben-6685233?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6685233">76 N. W. 943. Under our view of the law applicable to the facts presented, an assignment of error relating to the insufficiency of the evidence to support the following findings of fact is the only matter essential to a determination of this appeal: “That the court finds that after said election, and within the time limited by law therefor, the ballot boxes from each precinct in said county, duly sealed as provided by law, were returned by the judges and clerks of election of each precinct to the chairman of the board of com missioners of said county, and that said ballot boxes, and each of them, were duly and properly sealed as the law provides, and have ever since, and until the recount of said ballots at the trial hereof, been securely kept under seal, and in no manner changed, altered, or tampered with, and that said ballots, and each of them, so as aforesaid recounted by the court, were the original ballots used and cast by the respective legally qualified electors of said county, and in no manner changed or altered. The court finds that there is no evidence whatever to prove or tending to prove the allegations of fraud contained in the defendant’s answer herein.” As to the treatment of the ballot boxes, it js undisputed that they were all returned to respondent, Peter F. McMahon, auditor, together with the keys; that he opened a large number of them for the purpose *14of getting the poll books to compare, and, for the avowed purpose of ascertaining the result of the vote on all the officers, he testified that he opened the ballot box used in the Second ward precinct of Rapid City, which, at his instance and request, had been delivered to him after midnight, at his sleeping apartment, by one of the judges of election, from whose amply corroborated testimony it quite clearly appears that material alterations in some of the ballots contained therein have been effected. It was conclusively shown at the trial that, after canvassing the ballots cast in the Second ward of Rapid City several were folded together without the least regularity. One of the judges used his foot to stamp them into 1he crowded ballot box, and in that condition it was delivered to respondent, McMahon, who admits that he unlocked and opened the same. The first lawful examination of the contents of this ballot box occurred in court, and each ballot was found to be separately folded, and placed in the box in an orderly manner. Among the ballots cast, canvassed, and returned to the ballot box before it was turned over to respondent, there were three straight tickets, with the exception that neither of the three voters had expressed a choice for county auditor, no cross or mark having been placed opposite the name of either candidate, but no such ballots were produced at the trial; and the court very properly found that every ballot before it was mark ed either for McMahon, the contestant, or Crockett, the contestee, for the office in controversy. Being thus placed within the reach of an interested person, whose unauthorized touch tends to contaminate, the intrinsic evidential quality of these ballots had ceased to exist, so that, as between them and the canvass thereof by proper authority, the latter is clearly con*15trolling Judge McCrary, in his excellent treatise, enunciates the American doctrine as follows: “Before the ballots should be allowed in evidence to overturn the official couut and return, it should appear affirmatively that they have been safely kept by the proper custodian of the law, that they have not been exposed to the public or handled by unauthorized, persons, and that no opportunity has been given for tampering with them.” McCrary, Elect. § 475. In the case of Hudson v. Solomon, 19 Kan. 177" court="Kan." date_filed="1877-07-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/hudson-v-solomon-7884468?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7884468">19 Kan. 177, Judge Brewer thus states two of the cardinal rules governing elections and election contests: “(1) As between the ballots cast at an election, and a canvass of these ballots by the election officers, the former are the primary, the controlling, evidence. (2) In order to continue the ballots controlling as evidence, it must appear that they have been preserved in the manner and by the officers prescribed in the statute, and that while in such custody they have not been so exposed to the reach of unauthorized persons as to afford a reasonable probability of their having been changed or tampered with. ” In instances like this the burden is upon the contestant to show with a reasonable degree of certainty that the ballots have neither been tampered with nor placed within the reach of unauthorized persons, before they are admissible in evidence to disprove the official returns, or impugn the action of a board of canvassers. Fishback v. Bramel (Wyo.) 44 P. 840" court="Wyo." date_filed="1896-04-27" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/fishback-v-bramel-6587455?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6587455">44 Pac. 840; Davenport v. Oelrich (Iowa) 73 N.W. 603" court="Iowa" date_filed="1897-12-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/davenport-v-olerich-7108060?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7108060">73 N. W. 603; Dent v. Board (W. Va.) 32 S.E. 250" court="W. Va." date_filed="1898-12-31" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/dent-v-board-of-commissioners-6595958?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6595958">32 S. E. 250; Kingery v. Berry, 94 Ill. 515" court="Ill." date_filed="1880-01-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/kingery-v-berry-6960846?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6960846">94 Ill. 515; Cooley, Const. Lim. 625; People v. Livingston, 79 N. Y. 290; Howser v. Peffer (N. D.) 79 N.W. 1018" court="N.D." date_filed="1899-07-01" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/howser-v-pepper-6735010?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6735010">79 N. W. 1018. In this state a person duly authorized must within a specified time deposit the ballots and the ballot boxes with the chairman of the board of county com *16missioners, upon whom the legislature has imposed the important duty of carefully keeping the same. Consequently the manner in which this official business was conducted is at variance with the express terms of a statutory provision emanating from a wise consideration for the public good. Comp. Laws, § 1468. It therefore follows that, while ballots intelligently disclosing the voters’ choice of candidates are essentially more reliable than the summary resulting from, a canvass upon which the certificate of election issues, their continued infalli bility and value as evidence depend, of necessity, upon their preservation according to the method prescribed, and by the officer whom the law has designated for that purpose. Eliminating from this consideration every vestige of bad faith, the fact still remains that respondent has by his own hand forfeited the right to assail, with ballots unlawfully kept, the result of a regular canvass by proper officials, and their admission in evidence for that purpose-was clearly erroneous. The foregoing leads to a reversal of the case, which is remanded, with the direction that judgment be entered in favor of appellant, awarding him the office.