208 P. 252 | Mont. | 1922
prepared the opinion for the court.
This is an action to recover the contract price for putting up hay. Defendant answers that plaintiff has been paid in full, and sets up a counterclaim alleging negligence on the part of plaintiff in putting up the hay. The reply puts in issue the allegations of the answer, and attempts to plead an estoppel or a waiver of defendant’s right to claim dam
1. The court’s instruction No. 1 reads as follows: “The court submits to the jury herewith the amended complaint, the amended answer, and reply of plaintiff, and instructs the jury that from a reading of said three pleadings they will find the issues involved in this case. The pleadings contain merely the allegations of the parties to this action, and are not of themselves proof of any of the contentions of the parties; but the affirmative allegations of each of the parties contained in this pleading, where such allegations are controverted, must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence on that particular issue.”
It is contended that this instruction' furnished the jury with arguments and pleas of evidence contained in the reply which were prejudicial to defendant.
In Paxton v. Woodward, 31 Mont. 195, 107 Am. St. Rep. 416, 3 Ann. Cas. 546, 78 Pac. 215, it was said: “While the jury may be permitted to take with them to the jury-room .the pleadings in the case, and, * * * study the issues for themselves, the practice of setting forth' in the instructions a clear and concise statement of the nature of the case and the issues to be determined is to be commended.”
Defendant’s criticism of this instruction would come with better grace if he had tendered a succinct statement of the issues in the form of a preliminary instruction, and his offer had been refused. (Melzner v. Chicago etc. Ry. Co., 51 Mont. 487, 153 Pac. 1019; Zanos v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 60 Mont. 17, 198 Pac. 138.) If the pleadings contained arguments, statements of evidence, or were otherwise objectionable, it was defendant’s duty to attack them by appropriate demurrer or motion to strike. Having failed to so do, and having failed to offer an appropriate instruction stating the nature of the case and the issues, he should not now be heard to complain. (Paxton v. Woodward, supra; Frederick v. Hale, 42 Mont. 153, 112 Pac. 70; Rand v. Butte Elec. Ry.
2. It is contended that the court erred in refusing to give certain of defendant’s offered instructions. The charge given by the court covers, in substance, the refused instructions, and no error was committed in that regard. (Territory v. Pendry, 9 Mont. 67, 22 Pac. 760; State v. Mahoney, 24 Mont. 281, 61 Pac. 647.)
3. Counsel argues that the court erred in refusing to allow defendant to refresh his recollection by consulting a booh of accounts. Section 10664, Revised Codes of 1921, is as follows: “A witness is allowed to refresh his memory respecting a fact by anything written by himself, or under his direction, at the time when the fact occurred, or immediately thereafter, or at any other time when the fact was fresh in his memory, and he knew that the same was correctly stated in the writing. But in such case the writing must be produced, and may be seen by the adverse party, who may, if he choose, cross-examine the witness upon it, and may read it to the jury. So, also, a witness may testify from such a writing, though he retain no recollection of the particular facts, but such evidence must be received with caution.”
This court in Marron v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 46 Mont. 593, 129 Pac. 1055, in construing the provisions of that section, held that, before a witness may be permitted to refresh his memory in such a case “these preliminary facts must be made to appear: (a) The entries must have been written by the witness himself or under his direction; (b) they must have been written at the time the facts occurred or at a time when the facts were fresh in the witness’ memory; and (c) the witness must have known at the time the entries were made that they correctly stated the facts.” Cross-examination of defendant revealed that the entries had been copied from other memorandum-books and writings; that
4. Error is predicated on the action of the court in re fusing to allow the defendant to answer the following questions: “Q. Independent of the book, have you any recollection of carburetor in 1915, or in any year? Q. I want to ask you, Mr. Rice, independent of the book at all, do you know anything about this charge'for hay-slings? Q. I want to ask you in reference to the market price of some' veal per pound that was delivered by you to Mr. McLean in the year 1918 ? Q. In 1915, we have Mr. McLean charged with springs, $7. What do you know about that? Q. I wish to ask concerning ring for beam pole.”
The record shows that defendant’s counsel, while propounding these questions, was reading from and consulting the account-book, which the court refused to allow the witness to use in refreshing his memory. This was an attempt to accomplish indirectly what the court properly refused to allow defendant’s counsel to do directly. He was reading the items himself, and refreshing the witness’ recollection by the form of his questions, which of course could not be permitted. The same reasons which bar its use by the witness in refreshing his memory likewise, and with equal or greater force, apply to the attempt of counsel to read from the book in framing his questions. If either were permitted, it would open the door to the use of the grossest kind of false and fraudulent book entries.
Per Curiam: For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion, the judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.
Affirmed.