3 Ark. 207 | Ark. | 1841
delivered the opinion of the court:
A covenant is an agreement entered into, bj deed, between two or more persons, for tire breach of which an action of covenant will lie at the suit of the party injured, to recover damages for the loss which he has sustained. If for a sum certain, debt and covenant are, in general, concurrent remedies. But if the damages are unliquida-ted or incapable of being reduced by averment to a certainty, debt is not maintainable: it lies only for money in numero. Where bonds, guarded by penalties, are executed as additional securities for the performance of covenants, there are two remedies to be pursued, at the option of the party injured. He may, as often as the articles are broken, have, toties quoties, an equitable relief upon the footing of the articles themselves for a partial breach of contract, or he may take the penalty; that is to say: where there are a penalty and covenant in the same deed the party has his election, either to bring debt for the penalty, or covenant for damages,
In the former case the contract is rescinded, and the penalty becomes the debt ia law; subject, of course, to relief in equity, and to restrictions by the mode of proceeding under the statutory provisions. And if the penalty be paid, according to the stipulation of the articles, or be recovered as the debt in law, the party cannot resort back to his covenant or action for breach of contract, but he may elect to bring his action of covenant on the contract, and, according to the nature of the case, may recover. Barton vs. Glover, 1 Holt, N. P. R. 44; Wait vs. Trim, 1 W. Bla. R. 395; Harrison vs. Wright, 13 East 343.
As regards the demurrer to the declaration, the rule is well established, that when a party pleads ever, and refuses to rely upon his demurrer, he is considered as having withdrawn it, and shall not after-wards take advantage of any defect in the plea that would be aided on general demurrer. One of the causes of reversal, assigned by the plaintiff in error is, that « his plea was not essentially insufficient, and therefore ought to have been sustained.” It is a principle ad-heard to, that whatever is alleged in pleading, must be alleged with certainty. Com. Dig. Pl. C. 17, C. 22. So that in an action for breach of covenant, the defendant cannot plead generally that there is a condition precedent in the covenant tobe performed by the plaintiff before he can maintain his action, because this is too wide and uncertain to enable the parties to take an issue. But he must set forth specially the condition which the plaintiff is bound to perform, with the time and manner in which it is to be done, with an averment that he is ready and willing, and hath offered to peform his part of the agreement. The plea does not conform to these rules; and is therefore defective. But, inasmuch as the plaintiff objected to the sufficiency, &c. of the defendant’s plea, the rule, that on demurrer the court will consider the whole record, and give judgment for the party who, on the whole, appears to be entitled to it, here applies. Com. Dig. Pl. M. 2; 1 Saund. 228, n. 5; Foster vs. Jackson, Hob. 56; 2 Wil. 150; LeBret vs. Papillon, 4 East. 503; Woodward vs. Robinson, 1 Str. 302; Pringle vs. Ramsey, 11 J. R. 141.
Thus, on a demurrer to the replication, if the court thinks the replication bad, but perceives a substantial fault in the plea, they will give judgment, not for the defendant, but for the plaintiff; Thomas vs. Heathorn, 2 B. and C. 477; provided the declaration be good. This rule belongs to the general principle, that where judgment is to be given, the court is bound to examine the whole record, and adjudge for the plaintiff or defendant, according to the legal right as it may, on the whole, appear. Griswold vs. Griswold, National Ins. Co., 3 Cowen 96. And that, on demurrer, the party who commits the first substantial fault in pleading, shall have judgment against him. Wyman vs. Mitchell, 1 Cowen 316; Allen vs. Crofoot, 7 Cowen 46; Utica Ins. Co. vs. Scott, 8 Cowen 716. The case of Gelston vs. Burr, 11 J. R. 482; also, County vs. Lockwood, and others, 15 J. R. 488, are precisely in point. If, then, this be the rule in pleading, and that it is, will not be controverted, it becomes necessary tofascertain if there be any substantial defect in the declaration.
This suit is instituted upon a penal bond with covenants, that McLaughlin shall locate a certain floating pre-emption right, of eighty acres, upon such a piece or parcel of land as Hutchins shall designate, within thirty days after the same shall be subject to entry and location; provided Hutchins shall pay the entrance money therefor, with the expenses upon the entry and location; and that he, the said Wm. McLaughlin, shall then cause to be done all such and further matters and things as shall vest in him, the said Hutchins, a legal and equitable right in fee simple to the land to be designated. The declaration simply sets out the bond, without the conditions, and avers that the defendant below did not pay the penalty. Is this such a breach as is necessary in an action of covenant, where damages are claimed? for an injury sustained, requires the intervention of a jury. The allegation of breach must be governed by the nature of the contract. It should be assigned in the words of the contract, or in words co-extensive with the sense and effect of it. When the consideration of the defendant’s contract is executory, or his performance to depend upon some act to be done or performed by the plaintiff or some other person, the plaintiff must aver the fulfilment of such condition, whether it were in the affirmative or negative, or to be performed or observed by him or the defendant, or some other person, or he must show some excuse for the non-performance. Ughtred’s case, 7 Co. 74; 1 Ch. Pl. 320; Com. Dig. Pl. G. 56. And whenever it can be collected, from the apparent intention of the parties to the contract, that there is a condition precedent, and no excuse for the non-performance is alleged in the declaration, then an averment of performance is not only necessary, but it must be shown to be according to the intent of the parties to the contract, and must be precisely alleged, and with reasonable certainty, so that the court may judge whether the intent of the parties has been duly performed; as, on a contract in consideration that the plaintiff would acquit A. of a certain debt, it is not sufficient to say that he acquitted him, without showing how, viz: by deed. 1 Saund. 285. In all cases, therefore, where a covenant is dependent, or the performance of the one depends on the performance of the other, the performance of the prior condition must be averred in the declaration, to render the other party liable to an action. This doctrine is fully sustained in the case of Boone vs. Eyre, 1 H. Bla. 273; Smith vs. Walker, 8 East. 427; Thomas vs. Cadwallader Willes 496; Davidson vs. Moore, 3 Doug. 28.
Believing that the principles, by which this action is governed, are well settled, and that the cases referred to will sufficiently illustrate their correctness, we will now apply them to the pleadings. In covenant the party goes for damages, which must be governed by the testimony adduced in support of the breaches assigned. If there are no breaches assigned upon the condition or covenant, how is it possible for a jury to assess damages, or even nominal damages on demurrer, nihil dicit, or confession ? The condition of the obligation is made a part of the record here by oyer. And as there are no breaches assigned upon the covenant contained in that condition, there is nothing upon which testimony could be introduced to found a verdict for damages. The declaration is therefore fatally defective. The plea being bad and the declaration also, upon the rule laid down requiring us to look into the whole of the record, and give judgment against him who committed the first substantial fault in the pleading, we are of opinion that judgment ought to have been given for the defendant, upon the plaintiff’s demurrer to the plea. But has the party mistaken his form of action, as contended by the plaintiff in error? Debt and covenant are said to be, in general, concurrent remedies. Upon such a bond as is presented by the pleadings, we apprehend that the practice is now too well settled to doubt the right of the party to pursue either mode at his election. He may sue in debt for the penalty, or go for damages in covenant. He must however make his election, and be governed by the rules regulating the action under which he seeks relief. In covenant, the penal part of the obligations forms no part of the contract between the parties. But it is upon the stipulations in the condition alone that the action is founded, and it is not necessary to aver the payment of the penalty. The breaches must be assigned in the non-performance of the stipulations without noticing the penalty. Beasly vs. Gillespie, 4 Bibb 314; Kennedy vs. Kennedy, 11 Bibb 465; 3 J. J. Marshall 469.
The action of covenant is defined to be for the recovery of damages for the breach of any agreement entered into between the parties, and there is no need for the word covenant; for any thing under the hand and seal of the parties, importing an agreement, amounts to a covenant; Esp. N. P. 266-7; and Lord Mansfield in 2 Burr 826, says that “ the condition of the bond is an agreement.” If this action had been in debt, founded as it is upon the penal part of the obligation, no objection could have been raised tb it. If, however, he intended to bring covenant, he should have assigned his breaches upon the condition. It is unnecessary to notice the other assignments of error. The judgment is reversed.