631 S.E.2d 435 | Ga. Ct. App. | 2006
McLAIN et al.
v.
MARINER HEALTH CARE, INC.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
*436 Delong, Caldwell & Bridgers, Charles R. Bridgers, Steven W. Saccoccia, Atlanta, for appellants.
Hall, Booth, Smith & Slover, Richard N. Sheinis, William F. Holbert, Atlanta, for appellee.
JOHNSON, Presiding Judge.
Judy McLain appeals from the trial court's grant of a motion to dismiss her claims in negligence arising from her father's residence and death in a nursing home owned and operated by Mariner Health Care, Inc. (Mariner). Since we find that the trial court had no basis for dismissing these claims, we reverse.
The record shows that McLain sued Mariner for injuries suffered by and the wrongful death of her father, a resident of a nursing home owned and operated by Mariner. The complaint alleged that as a result of the nursing home staff's violations of a variety of federal regulations and state statutes and regulations concerning nursing home care, including those promulgated under federal Medicare and Medicaid programs[1] as well as the Georgia Bill of Rights for Residents of Long-term Care Facilities[2] and public health rules of the Georgia Department of Human Resources,[3] McLain's father developed pneumonia, suffered complications, and died. The complaint asserted liability under 11 counts, including negligence, negligence per se, violations of the Fair Business Practices Act of 1975,[4] and violations of the Deceptive Trade Practices Toward the Elderly Act.[5] Mariner filed a partial motion to dismiss as to these four counts. The trial court granted Mariner's motion as to all four claims, with the exception of any claim based upon the Bill of Rights for Residents of Long-term Care Facilities, and also granted a certificate of immediate review. We granted McLain's application for interlocutory review.
On appeal, McLain does not contest the trial court's dismissal of her counts under the Fair Business Practices Act and the Deceptive Trade Practices Toward the Elderly Act. Instead, she asserts that the trial court ruled on a matter not in actual controversy when it held that "to the extent that the Complaint could be construed to assert claims created by the Medicare and Medicaid statutes, such claims are dismissed," and that it erred in dismissing the negligence per se and negligence claims.
1. A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim should not be sustained unless
(1) the allegations of the complaint disclose with certainty that the claimant would not be entitled to relief under any state of provable facts asserted in support thereof, and (2) the movant establishes that the claimant could not possibly introduce evidence within the framework of the complaint sufficient to warrant a grant of the relief sought. In deciding a motion to dismiss, all pleadings are to be construed most favorably to the party who filed them, and all doubts regarding such pleadings must be resolved in the filing party's favor.[6]
Although McLain's complaint alleges violations of regulations promulgated under the Medicaid and Medicare statutes, the complaint makes no attempt to set forth a *437 private cause of action under them.[7] Since the trial court's construction of the complaint to this effect had no basis in the record, its grant of the motion to dismiss on this ground amounted to an advisory opinion on a matter not in actual controversy, and was therefore erroneous.[8]
2. McLain also argues that the trial court erred when it granted Mariner's motion to dismiss as to her negligence per se and negligence claims. Again, we agree.
Generally, a plaintiff may assert a claim of negligence per se arising from violations of federal or state statutes as long as (1) that plaintiff falls within the class of persons the statute was intended to protect; (2) the harm complained of was the same harm the statute was intended to guard against; and (3) the violation of the statute proximately caused the plaintiff's injury.[9] The violation of a regulation, no less than that of a statute, can likewise establish that a defendant breached a duty owed to a plaintiff as a matter of law.[10] "[I]t is sufficient if the violation is capable of having a causal connection with the injury and [the] damage inflicted. It is not essential that the injury inevitably flow from the violation."[11]
Although we are not aware of any Georgia precedent involving a negligence action alleging violations of Medicare and Medicaid regulations, this Court has sustained claims arising under the Georgia statute known as the Bill of Rights for Residents of Long-term Care Facilities.[12] We also note that the two federal courts considering negligence claims like those presented here have suggested that Georgia state courts would have no basis for dismissing them. In Brogdon v. Nat. Healthcare Corp.,[13] the federal district court dismissed claims brought under Medicare and Medicaid on the ground that neither set of statutes authorizes a private cause of action for nursing home residents, but sustained a variety of other claims, including those made under the Bill of Rights for long-term care residents as well as for breach of the contracts signed at the time the residents entered their facilities.[14] The court justified its decision by reasoning that "the absence of an implied private cause of action under the Medicaid Act does not preclude Plaintiffs from suing for breach of contract."[15] Likewise, in Burney v. 4373 Houston, *438 LLC,[16] the federal district court remanded a complaint alleging a nursing home's negligence per se for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under the rationale that since "states are authorized to adopt standards from federal law and incorporate them into state-law causes of action," such suits are "garden variety state tort law" best left to the Georgia courts.[17]
It is obvious that as a resident of the nursing home owned by Mariner, McLain's father belonged to the class of persons for whom these statutes and regulations were intended to protect, and that the injuries set forth in the complaint, and which we assume to have occurred for purposes of a motion to dismiss, were among those these same statutes and regulations were designed to prevent. Likewise, the complaint's allegations of violations of the same statutes and regulations would be competent evidence of Mariner's breach of duty under a traditional negligence action.[18] The trial court therefore erred when it granted Mariner's motion to dismiss McLain's negligence per se and negligence causes of action.
Judgment reversed.
MILLER and ELLINGTON, JJ., concur.
NOTES
[1] See 42 CFR § 483.10 et seq.
[2] OCGA § 31-8-100 et seq.
[3] Rules and Regulations of the State of Georgia, Title 290, Department of Human Resources, Chapter 290-5-8-.01 et seq.
[4] OCGA § 10-1-390 et seq.
[5] OCGA § 10-1-850 et seq.
[6] (Citations omitted.) Smith v. Germania of America, 249 Ga.App. 587, 588(1), 549 S.E.2d 423 (2001).
[7] Compare Brogdon v. Nat. Healthcare Corp., 103 F.Supp.2d 1322, 1330-1332(4) (N.D.Ga.2000) (dismissing plaintiff's federal claim on ground that Medicare and Medicaid Acts do not authorize a private cause of action against owners and operators of nursing homes).
[8] See Bd. of Tax Assessors of Ware County v. Baptist Village, 269 Ga.App. 848, 854(3), 605 S.E.2d 436 (2004) (Georgia courts do not concern themselves with matters not ripe for adjudication).
[9] Kull v. Six Flags Over Ga. II, 264 Ga.App. 715, 716, 592 S.E.2d 143 (2003).
[10] Grable & Sons Metal Products v. Darue Engineering etc., 545 U.S. 308, 125 S.Ct. 2363, 162 L.Ed.2d 257 (2005), citing Restatement (Third) of Torts, proposed final draft, § 14, Comment a; West v. Mache of Cochran, Inc., 187 Ga.App. 365, 368-369(1), (2), 370 S.E.2d 169 (1988) (since regulations under federal Gun Control Act are "the real key to [the Act's] enforcement," breach of them amounted to negligence per se); Walter v. Orkin Exterminating Co., 192 Ga.App. 621, 624-625(3), 385 S.E.2d 725 (1989) (complaint alleging violation of state pest control commission regulations made out negligence per se claim).
[11] (Citation omitted.) Central Anesthesia Assoc. v. Worthy, 254 Ga. 728, 733(2), n. 3, 333 S.E.2d 829 (1985).
[12] Thurman v. Pruitt Corp., 212 Ga.App. 766, 768-769(2), 442 S.E.2d 849 (1994) (reversing grant of motion to dismiss claim under OCGA § 31-8-100 et seq.); see also Smith, supra, 249 Ga.App. at 588-589(1), 549 S.E.2d 423 (reversing grant of motion to dismiss state tort claims where issues remain in conflict).
[13] 103 F.Supp.2d 1322.
[14] Id. at 1333-1337, citing Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals v. Thompson, 478 U.S. 804, 817, 106 S.Ct. 3229, 92 L.Ed.2d 650 (1986); see also New York State Dept. of Social Svcs. v. Dublino, 413 U.S. 405, 421(II), 93 S.Ct. 2507, 37 L.Ed.2d 688 (1973) ("Where coordinate state and federal efforts exist within a complementary administrative framework, and in the pursuit of common purposes, the case for federal pre-emption becomes a less persuasive one.").
[15] (Citations omitted.) Brogdon, supra, 103 F.Supp.2d at 1335(II)(E); see also id. at 1340-1341 (on motion for reconsideration).
[16] 2005 WL 2736515, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34686 (M.D.Ga.2005).
[17] (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 6, 7.
[18] See Hillhaven Rehabilitation etc., Center v. Patterson, 195 Ga.App. 70, 72(2), 392 S.E.2d 557 (1990) (affirming denial of summary judgment on ordinary negligence claim concerning failure of nursing home staff to assist patient getting in and out of bed); Peterson v. Columbus Med. Center Foundation, 243 Ga.App. 749, 755(2), 533 S.E.2d 749 (2000) (reversing grant of motion to dismiss ordinary negligence claim concerning health care provider's failure to communicate results of medical tests).
