Lead Opinion
This is аn action in which Frances McKinnon, plaintiff-appellant, sought performance of a contract respecting reciprocal wills between Lester M. Van Pelt and Annа Luella Van Pelt and the imposition of a constructive trust thereunder upon certain real estate devised by Anna. The defendants are the personal representativеs of Anna’s estate and the residuary beneficiaries under her last will and testament. The trial court dismissed plaintiff’s petition and quieted title to the interest in real estate here involvеd in the personal representatives of Anna’s estate. Plaintiff has appealed, claiming in substance that the trial court failed to properly determine the meaning and effect of the contract involved.
Lester and Anna were married in 1938, it being a subsequent marriage for each. Each had children by a prior marriage. The plaintiff is a daughter of Lester by a prior marriage.
In 1957 Lester and Anna entered into a written contract regarding the disposition of their property, including particularly the making of what were described in the contract as reciprocal wills. The 1957 will of Lester executed pursuant to the contract provided in substance that at his deаth the residence property here involved should go to Anna for life, remainder to the plaintiff; and if Anna predeceased him, plaintiff was to receive such propеrty. Anna’s will executed pursuant to the contract provided that if Lester predeceased her, said property was to go to the plaintiff.
Lester died in 1977, and his 1957 will was probated. Anna died in 1981 but had, in 1978 and subsequent to Lester’s death, executed a new will leaving the residue of her estate, including the interest in real estate here involved, to her great-grandchildren. This will was admitted to probate. It is as a result of this latter will that plaintiff sought to have the 1957 agreement of the parties enforced in favor of the disposition to her as contained in Anna’s 1957 will, and the imposition of a constructive trust upon this interest in real estate to effect the same.
The 1957 contract between Lester and Anna and its meaning and effect аre the principal issues before us. The contract began with a number of recitals, those material to this case being:
Whereas, both parties, at this time, desire to exeсute reciprocal wills devising and bequeathing their respective separate property upon their respective deaths free from any claim of the other еxcept as shall be provided in said wills; and
Whereas, both parties have mutually agreed and do now agree that the distribution of their respective property shall be made in accordance with the terms of this agreement and said reciprocal wills.
(Emphasis supplied.)
Paragraph 12 of the contract proper provided:
*316 Each party shall contemporaneously with the execution of this agreement, execute his and her Last Will and Testament, a copy of which is hereto attached marked Exhibits A and B, respectively. It is mutually agreed that so long as the other shall live, neither of us will revoke nor destroy either of said wills or make any other will or codicil without the full consent and аgreement of the other.
(Emphasis supplied.) The 1957 wills executed by both Lester and Anna were those, copies of which were attached to the contract.
The trial court held that paragraph 12 of the contract was unambiguous and permitted Anna to modify her will after Lester’s death and that the recitals could not be used to vary this contract рrovision. Plaintiff asserts this is in error; that the recitals must be treated as an integral part of the contract; that the reference to reciprocal wills in the recital portion of the contract carries with it a connotation that a contract for such wills is enforceable; that such wills may not be varied unless by consent of the parties; that a reading of the contract as a whole, including the recitals, shows an intention of the parties that the wills provided for in the contract could not be varied without mutual consеnt; and that paragraph 12 is merely to tie up loose ends which might otherwise exist and defeat the intention of the parties.
Before dealing with plaintiff’s position, we wish first to dispose of an argument of defendants that the contract here involved is an invalid postnuptial contract. It is not. It is a proper contract to make reciprocal оr mutual wills, and such contracts are valid in Nebraska. Brown v. Webster,
We cannot agree with plaintiff’s characterization of the contract as being one providing for irrevocable rеciprocal wills. While one may question the use of the word reciprocal as being an accurate description of the wills provided in the contract, it being more likely that they are mutual wills as that term is usually defined, the fact is that the parties could and did contract for the making of the wills attached to the contract.
We conclude first that contract recitals have а limited value in the construction of a contract. They are generally background statements and do not ordinarily form any part of the real agreement. If the agreemеnt proper is ambiguous, then the recitals may be of value in construing the same. Otherwise, the language of the contract is controlling. As stated in 17 Am. Jur. 2d Contracts § 268 at 676 (1964), “[I]f the recitals are ambiguous аnd the operative part is clear, the operative part must prevail. If both the recitals and the operative part are clear, but they are inconsistent with each other, the operative part must control.” See, also, 17A C.J.S. Contracts § 314 (1963). This court has followed this rule as to unambiguous contract clauses in similar situations. See Strickland v. Omaha Nat. Bank,
We find the language of paragraph 12 to be unambiguous as to when the wills described therein could not be revoked or modified. The language that “so long as the other shall live, neither of us will revoke оr destroy either of said wills or make any other will or codicil without . . . consent” is clear and requires no explanation by reference to any recitals. The limit on nonconsensual changes ended at the death of one of the parties. Anna had aright to modify her will after Lester’s death. It may further be said that execution of reciprocal or mutuаl wills, without more, can be no bar to their modification or revocation even when both parties are aware of the terms of each will. Kimmel v. Roberts,
We, therefore, find that the trial court was correct in its decision that Anna had the right to modify her will and in dismissing plaintiff’s petition. The action of the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
It is a fundamental tenet of contract law that a contract must be read as a whole. In construing a written contract for the purpose of ascertaining the intention of the parties, the instrument must be considered as a whole, the words given their ordinary and popularly accepted meaning, and the intent of the parties must be derived from the four corners оf the instrument. Long v. Magnolia Petroleum Co.,
From the terms of the agreement in this case, it is clear that the intent of the parties was to execute reciprocal wills cоntemporaneously with the execution of the agreement. The parties agreed that their property would be distributed by the terms of these reciprocal wills and the agrеement. As the agreement provides, “both parties have mutually agreed and do now agree that the distribution of their respective property shall be made in accоrdance with the terms of this agreement and said reciprocal wills.” As I read the instrument, this clause must be interpreted as a central part of the agreement. Paragraph 12 merely supplies additional terms. The respective 1957 wills and the agreement clearly show that the parties intended that the house owned by Mr. and Mrs. Van Pelt as tenants in common would ultimаtely pass to Frances McKinnon in fee simple. Mrs. Van Pelt breached this agreement in 1976 and 1978 by revoking her 1957 will and devising her interest in the house first to her grandchildren and then to her great-grandchildren.
I would reverse.