Lead Opinion
OPINION
delivered the opinion of the Court
Appellant, Cody Wayne McKay, was convicted of injury to a 'child with the culpable mental state of criminal negligence after spilling hot water on the back of the two-year-old victim. Appellant was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment,
BACKGROUND
Appellant had lived with his girlfriend, Brandee Casteel, and her two daughters for almost three months when the accident occurred. Because Appellant and Casteel had varying schedules, on the night of the accident, he was cooking dinner for himself and T.J., Casteel’s two-year-old daughter. While Appellant was making dinner in the narrow galley kitchen, T.J. was playing in the house. Appellant turned around with a pot of hot green beans and, not knowing that T.J. had come into the kitchen, bumped into her, and spilled hot water and beans down T.J.’s, back. Shortly after, Casteel arrived home, and-they dressed the burn. Casteel monitored the burn for the next two days, but when it began to blister and pop, she took T.J. to the hospital. At the hospital, Casteel told the nurses and a police officer that she was the one who had spilled the, water on T.J.- However, Casteel later explained that it was actually Appellant who had spilled the water on T.J.
T.J. suffered second-degree burns over a large portion of her back, but eventually made a full recovery. Appellant was initially charged with injury to a child causing serious bodily injury. However, the indictment'was amended and the charge was reduced to injury to a child causing bodily injury, alleging an intentional mental state, with lesser-included offenses down to criminal negligence.
At trial, the State presented the testimony of Child Protective Services workers, as well as that of nurses and doctors who worked on T.J., a neighbor who babysat T.J., and Brandee Casteel. In trying to prove that Appellant intentionally burned T.J., the State alleged there was a pattern of abuse, evidenced by existing bruises on T.J. that, the medical staff found when she was brought in to the hospital. . The State also emphasized. the amount of time between the accident and when T.J. was actually taken to the hospital. Furthermore, the State introduced over 1,000 pages of reports from the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS), that were admitted into evidence but were not read to the jury. As discussed by the court of appeals, the State’s theory was -that Appellant intentionally injured. T.J. and, therefore, there was little to no direct evidence presented on Appellant’s criminal negligence.
Appellant was convicted of injury to a child through an act of criminal negligence and sentenced to two years’ imprisonment. He appealed, arguing that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction. Id. at *1,2014 Tex.App. LEXIS 8743 at *1. The court of appeals reviewed the record for evidence that supported the- finding of ■criminal negligence. Id. at '*1,-2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 8743 at *2. It noted that it was “troubling” that most parents who cook and move hot food or water from one place to another with small children nearby could be, considered guilty of criminal negligence. Id. ■ at ,⅞-*3, 2014 TexApp. LEXIS 8743 at ⅜6-*7. However, the court of appeals pointed out, when Casteel first told investigators that she was the one who
Justice Moseley dissented, pointing out that the statement from Casteel that the majority located was only a small part of a very lengthy DFPS report. Id. at *4,2014 Tex.App. LEXIS 8743 at *10 (Moseley, J., dissenting). He also disagreed with the majority’s assumption that a child’s conduct with her mother would be the same around another individual and asserted that there was no evidence T.J. was regularly underfoot of Appellant. Id, at *4-*5, 2014 Tex.App. LEXIS 8743 at *10-*11. He concluded that there was not sufficient evidence of criminal negligence to justify Appellant’s conviction.. Id. at *4-*5, 2014 Tex.App. LEXIS 8743 at *11.
ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES
Appellant argues that no rational trier of fact could have found him guilty of criminal negligence and asserts. that criminal negligence is a- higher culpable mental state than ordinary negligence, in that “the carelessness required must be such that its seriousness would be apparent to anyone who shares the community’s general sense of right and wrong.” Tello v. State, 180 S.W.3d 150, 158 (Tex.Crim.App.2005). Appellant states that the court ,of appeals appeared to reject all of the State’s evidence and rely only on the one comment from Casteel that was hidden in a 1,000 page document. He argues that this.is a mere: scintilla of evidence and, therefore, not enough to affirm his conviction.
Appellant also urges the Court to consider the position of Justice Moseley’s dissent and notes that assuming a child acts the same around her parents as she does around third parties is too much of an evidentiary leap.
The State argues that the court of appeals made the correct decision and that we should not have granted' Appellant’s petition for discretionary review. It points out that the jury sent a note during deliberations requesting the evidence in the ease, including the DFPS reports, and that the jury spent three additional hours deliberating after that point. The State asserts that Appellant’s actions after the burn occurred indicate a guilty conscience and that there was testimony that his cooking deviated from an ordinary standard of care. This, cumulation of evidence, the State argues, indicates that the evidence is sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
When reviewing whether there was sufficient evidence to support a conviction, we look at the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). The jury is the sole'judge of the witnesses’ credibility and of the weight to be given to their testimony and therefore, we defer to the jury’s determinations on these matters, rather than substituting our. own judgment. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex.Crim.App.2010). The reviewing court’s-duty is to ensure that the State
In order to show that the evidence presented was legally sufficient to support a conviction of criminally negligent injury to a child, the State must prove that the defendant acted with criminal negligence and caused a child bodily injury. Tex. Penal Code § 22.04(a)(3). • To prove criminal negligence, the State must show that the defendant should have been aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the injury to the child would occur and that the failure to perceive this risk was a “gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise.” Tex. Penal Code • § 6.03(d). In determining whether it was a gross deviation,' the circumstances are viewed from the defendant’s standpoint at the time the act occurred. Id. The cornerstone of criminal negligence is the defendant’s failure to perceive the risk at all, rather than his perceiving the risk and ignoring it. Montgomery, 369 S.W.3d at 193 (citing Lewis v. State, 529 S.W.2d 550, 553 (Tex.Crim.App.1975)). In convicting a defendant of criminal negligence, a jury is determining that the defendant’s failure to recognize the risk of the harm is so great that it warrants criminal punishment. Id. (citing Tello v. State, 180 S.W.3d 150, 158 (Tex.Crim.App.2005)).
Therefore, in this case, the State must have proved that Appellant’s actions of cooking hot items and moving around the kitchen with them created a substantial and unjustifiable risk to T.J., and that Appellant’s failure to perceive this risk was far from the standard of care an ordinary person would exercise.
■ ANALYSIS
'At trial, the State presented evidence that it asserted would prove that T.J. suffered from a pattern of abuse and that Appellant had intentionally poured the hot water on her. The jury did not believe thé State’s theory that the spill was intentional, and it convicted Appellant of negligently causing TJ.’s injury. However, the only piece of evidence that the court of appeals found that could support this conviction was the statement from Casteel in the DFPS report. While the court of appeals held this statement to be sufficient to uphold Appellant’s conviction, we do not.
We do not see how Casteel’s statement that T.J. was always “up her butt” — meaning'that T.J. was often under her feet — is relevant. As Justice Moseley discussed, there is a special relationship between parents and' children, and children do not necessarily behave in the same' way with their parents as they do with others. Appellant was not T.J.’s parent-he was a friend who had lived with the family for less'than three mdnths. Casteel’s statement did not indicate that T.J. was often underfoot of Appellant or any other caretaker, Nor did Casteel state that it was ever communicated to Appellant that T.J. was commonly underfoot and that he should take extra care because of this. Casteel’s statement was only about herself
Further, Casteel made this statement to DFPS when she was still claiming that she had been the one who tripped over T.J. and' spilled the water on her. The fact that the statement was made in the course of asserting a falsehood makes its probative value questionable.
Although the court of appeals stated that the jury was authorized to assume that T.J. was often underfoot of Appellant, this was not a reasonable ■ inference to make. And with no evidence that T.J. acted the same way around her mother as she did around other individuals or caretakers, and with the questionable probative value of the statement itself, we hold that the statement is insufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to have found Appellant guilty of criminal negligence. There was no evidence of some special risk or circumstance that could give rise to negligence and allow Appellant to be held criminally liable for simply moving food around in his kitchen while the child was home. Essentially, there was no substantial and unjustifiable risk for Appellant to have perceived, and, therefore, he cannot be punished for not perceiving it. Holding otherwise would criminalize the actions of most parents and caretakers in the State who must cfeok meals for their- children every day. Therefore, the evidence was insufficient for a reasonable jury to have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant failed to perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk tq T.J. We hold that the court of appeals erred in holding otherwise.
CONCLUSION
Without any showing that T.J. was often underfoot of Appellant or that Appellant knew T.J. would likely be under his feet, the evidence is insufficient- to support Appellant’s conviction of negligently causing injury to a child. For these reasons, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and vacate Appellant’s conviction.
Dissenting Opinion
filed- a dissenting opinion in which Keller, P.J., Keasler, J., and Richardson, J., joined.
I respectfully dissent. To begin with, I would agree with the conclusion of the majority that “[wjithout any showing that T.J. was often underfoot of Appellant or that Appellant knew T.J. would likely be under his feet, the evidence is insufficient to support Appellant’s conviction of negligently causing injury to a child,” if in fact there was no such evidence. McKay v. State, No. PD-1133-14, slip. op. at 9 (Tex.Crim.App. Oct. 26, 2015). However, based on my reading of the record, coupled with those.portions relied upon by the majority here and the dissenting opinion of the court of appeals, I would find that the evidence was sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction, especially because we “look at the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether ‘any rational trier of fact
Facts
I note the following facts from the record,
• Appellant and Casteel had been dating for about five months at the time of the incident. . During the first two months of their romantic relationship, Appellant and Casteel would spend the night together at their parents’ homes ¡with her children, and during the three months leading up the incident, Appellant, Casteel, and her two children, including two-year-old daughter T.J., who was burned, lived in an apartment together.
• Appellant normally cooked meals for the children. Casteel said he regularly cooked for the family because he was the better cook, and she often worked late.
• She also said that, when she was home, she had personally observed Appellant cooking and preparing meals for the family, and that she had seen T.J. running around in the kitchen while he cooked.
• When Appellant cooked in the kitchen there was not much space for him to move around because he was bigger, and the' apartment ■kitchen was a “narrow galley kitchen.”
• The evening in question, Appellant was cooking dinner for himself arid the kids, and Casteel was working. ■ While Appellant was cooking, T.J. was-playing in the apartment.
• After Appellant .finished heating up green beans on the stové, he turned around with the hot pot to put it on thé counter, but he tripped over T.J., who was behind him, and spilled the ' scalding water and hot green beans on'her.
• . As a result, T.J. sustained multiple second-degree bturns, including four separate burns to her scalp, her entire back, and her left thigh. Appellant was charged with injury to a child causing serious bodily injury. The State later reduced the charge to injury to a child causing bodily injury.
• At trial, a report over 1,000 pages long from the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) regarding the incident and Casteel’s care of T.J. was admitted into evidence. In that report, Cas-teel said that T.J. was “always ‘up her butt.’ ”
• During deliberations, the jury sent a note asking for all of the' evidence in the case and then spent an additional three hours deliberating before reaching a verdict.
• The jury convicted Appellant of injury to a child causing bodily injury. Based on its verdict, the jury believed that Appellant was criminally negligent when he moved a pot of boiling water and green beans around the kitchen, although he knew T.J. was playing in the apart- - ment and was known to run around in the 'siriall kitchen while he was cooking.
On appeal, Appellant argued that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction, but the court of appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court. McKay v. State, No. 06-14-00003-CR, 2014 WL 3887777, at *3 (Tex.App.—Texarkana Aug. 8 2014, pet. granted) (mem.op.) (not designated for publication). It reasoned that, based on Casteel’s statement to a DFPS worker that T.J. was “always ‘up her butt,”’ a rational jury could have reasonably inferred that T.J. “was.‘always’ getting close at hand or under foot”; therefore, Appellant should have known that she could be underfoot while he was cooking. /¿Writing in dissent, Justice Moseley argued that the statement in question was only one sentence in a lengthy DFPS report; that because of the special relationship between children and their parents, the majority erred when it assumed that a child would behave the same around his' mother as he would around other people; and that there was no evidence' that T.J. was known to be under Appellant’s feet. Id. at 4 (Moseley, J., dissenting).
The majority opinion
Turning to its own analysis, the majority states that:
[T]he only piece of evidence that the court of appeals found that could support this conviction was the statement from Casteel in the DFPS report. While the court of appeals held this statement to be sufficient to uphold Appellant’s conviction, we do not.
We do not see how Casteel’s statement that T.J. was always “up her butt” — meaning that T.J. was often under her feet — is relevant. As Justice Moseley discussed, there is a special ■ relationship between- parents and children, and children do not necessarily behave in the same way with their par- '• ents as they do with others. Appellant was not T.J.’s parent — he was a friend who had lived with’ the family for less than three months. Casteel’s statement did not indicate that T.J. was often underfoot of Appellant or any other caretaker. Nor did Casteel state that it was ■.ever communicated to Appellant that T.J. was commonly underfoot and that he should take extra care because of this. Casteel’s statement was only about herself and did not provide any evidence of T.J.’s behavior around any . other individuáis’ ór of Appellant’s knowledge that the child was commonly underfoot.
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Essentially,, there was no substantial and unjustifiable risk for Appellant to have perceived, and, therefore, he cannot be punished for not perceiving it.
The substantial and-unjustifiable risk
Section 6.03(d) of the Texas Penal Code defines culpable mental states, including criminal negligence, and it reads,
A person acts with criminal negligence, or is criminally negligent, with respect to circumstances surrounding his conduct or the result of his conduct when he ought to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the 'result will occur. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that the failure to perceive it constitutes a gross- deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the actor’s standpoint.
Tex. Penal Code § 6.03(d). Applying this definition to the case at hand, the first
Casteel testified that Appellant normally cooked meals for the family, and that she had personally observed him doing so. She also testified that she had seen T.J. running around the kitchen while Appellant was cooking for the family, and that, because of the small area and the fact that Appellant was bigger, he did not have much room to move around in the kitchen.
Based on all of the evidence, I believe that the jury could have reasonably inferred that Appellant ought to have been aware that his cooking created a substantial and unjustifiable risk to T.J, because T.J. had been known to run around in the kitchen while he was cooking. I further conclude that the jury could have found that Appellant’s failure to perceive that risk was a gross deviation from the standard of care an ordinary person would have exercised had they viewed all of the circumstances from Appellant’s stand point. Because I believe the evidence supports Appellant’s conviction, I respectfully dissent.
. Admittedly, most of these facts appear in the majority opinion. However, I have highlighted additional relevant facts that I gleaned from my review of the record.
. McKay, op. at 270-71.