108 Va. 736 | Va. | 1908
delivered the opinion of the court.
This was an action in assumpsit, instituted by Thomas Smyth against T. A. McIntyre & Company in the Corporation Court of the city of Staunton, which resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff, and the case is before us upon a petition which assigns certain errors in the rulings of the trial court.
It appears that one K. D. Armstrong, prior to the institution of this suit, had been conducting a broker’s office in the city of Staunton, and had made arrangements with the firm of T. A. McIntyre & Company, of New York, to furnish him market quotations of stocks, grain and cotton over a private wire owned by McIntyre & Company, connecting their office at Hot Springs, Va., with their office in New York. Over this wire Armstrong was furnished by McIntyre & .Company with daily quotations from various exchanges in New York city of which their firm was a member.
It is the better practice to require all pleadings to be signed by counsel. It is said by Mr. Minor to be a wholesome rule. But without stopping now to inquire whether the objection can be made by demurrer, it is certain that the court was within the proper exercise of its discretion when it permitted counsel to sign the declaration and thus remove the ground of objection.
The second error assigned is that the trial court allowed the defendant in error to amend his declaration by inserting the names of the firm of T. A. McIntyre & Company, to-wit: T. A. McIntyre, J. Edward Hulshizer, John G-. McIntyre and Edward T. White. The declaration, as originally framed, was against T. A. McIntyre, trading and doing business as T. A. McIntyre & Company. Defendant in error subsequently ascertained that the firm was composed of a number of persons, and the trial court permitted him to amend his declaration by the insertion of their names.
There was no error in this ruling.
The third assignment of error is that the corporation court erred in overruling the motion of plaintiff in error to reject the testimony of certain witnesses, as tending to establish the liability of plaintiff in error as principal of Armstrong, before proof of the fact of Armstrong’s agency had been first introduced.
One of the principal contentions in the case was, as to whether or not B. D. Armstrong was the agent of T. A. McIntyre & Company in Staunton. The testimony of the witnesses objected to tended to prove the liability of T. A. McIntyre & Company, as principal, to the defendant in error.
The order in which proof is introduced is a matter within the discretion of the trial court. It is more regular, to estab
The fourth assignment of error is that the corporation court erred in giving the first four instructions asked for by the defendant in error.
In the first instruction the court sets out in detail the facts relied upon by the defendant in error to entitle him to recover. We have examined the evidence with much care, and are of opinion that, with respect to every fact upon which that instruction is predicated, there was evidence before the jury sufficient to warrant the court in granting the instruction as prayed for.
The instruction is as follows: “The court instructs the jury, that if they believe from the evidence that R. D. Armstrong represented himself to be the 'correspondent’ of T. A. McIntyre & Company, that this representation was made with the knowledge of T. A. McIntyre & Company, and without objection on their part; that Armstrong used in his office a quotation board furnished him by T. A. McIntyre & Company, containing in conspicuous letters the name and address of T. A. McIntyre & Company; that T. A. McIntyre & Company, installed at their own expense a private telegraph wire connecting the office of Armstrong with their principal office in New York city; that T. A.'McIntyre & Company furnished over this private wire to Armstrong during the business hours of the stock exchange continuous market quotations on stocks; bonds, grain and cotton, which were immediately posted on the said quotation board for the information of patrons resorting to Armstrong’s office to trade; that over said private wire T. A. McIntyre & Company also caused to be transmitted their daily market letters; that customers resorting to Armstrong’s office
The right of defendant in error to recover depends upon whether or not Armstrong was the agent of McIntyre & Company; and the instruction under consideration embodies the facts relied upon to establish the agency of Armstrong.
“Customers resorting to the correspondents’ offices, and desiring to trade in any one of the sixty different stocks whose quotations are posted, give a verbal or written order to buy or sell certain grain or stocks, which is transmitted by the correspondent in his own name over the private wire of the correspondent running into his office from the office of the defendant at Hammond, as an offer by the correspondent .to buy from or sell to the defendant. Sometimes the price is mentioned by the customer, and sometimes not. In the latter case it is understood that the trade is to be at whatever the market is. When the order is given the correspondent exacts from the customer such margin as he sees fit, unless the customer already has
“The relations of the correspondent with the elevator company are in each case fixed by formal contract, to the effect that the parties shall deal as principals, and that the relations of principal and agent shall neither exist nor be held to exist. There is no evidence that the correspondents Babb and Battle & Dickes have claimed or represented themselves to be agents of the defendants.
“The fact, however, that the relations between the defendant and its correspondents are, as between themselves, expressly disclaimed to be those of principal and agent, is not decisive of their relations so far as third parties dealing with them upon the basis of their being agents are concerned.”
The second instruction asked for by defendant in error and given by the court merely tells the jury that “every contract is presumed to be made with honest intent by the parties making the same, and the burden of proving that the contract in question in this case was not made with such intent rests upon the defendants. The court further instructs the jury, that before they can find that the contract between the plaintiff and defendants was illegal, for the reason that it was a gambling contract, the defendants are required to prove by a preponderance of evidence to the satisfaction of the jury, not only that Thos. Smyth did not intend or contemplate the actual purchase of the stocks or the commodities ordered by him from the defendants, T. A. McIntyre & Company, hut must also prove by a preponderance of evidence to the satisfaction of the jury that the defendants, T. A. McIntyre & Company, likewise did not intend or contemplate the actual purchase of such stocks or commodities for the plaintiff.”
The third instruction asked for by the defendant in error tells the jury, that “under the statute law of Virginia one who has lost to another, within twenty-four hours, $7.00 or more, or property of that value, and has paid or delivered the same may recover it back from the winner by suit, according to the interest or value, provided the suit is brought within three months after such payment or delivery. The court, therefore, instructs the jury, that even though they believe from the evidence in this case that it was never intended by either the plaintiff or the defendant, T. A. McIntyre & Company, that there should ever be any actual purchase or delivery of the stock or commodity ordered by the plaintiff from the defendants, yet if the jury further believe from the evidence that the said plaintiff paid $7.00 or more, within a period of twenty-four hours, to the said defendant, or to their agent, and that such payment
The objection to this instruction seems to be, that section 2837 of the Code was intended to apply to ordinary games of chance with cards, dice, etc., and not to gambling in futures. This statute was first introduced into the Code of 1819, vol. 1, p. 562, at a time when, as plaintiff in error asserts, stock gambling was unknown.
If it were conceded that the framers of the statute had in view the suppression of such gambling as is embraced in games of chance with cards, dice, etc., yet, if it appears that the language is broad enough to embrace other forms of gambling, the courts would he hound to give it effect and to apply it to every form of gaming which comes fairly within its terms.
By section 3837 it is provided, that “All laws for suppressing gaming, lotteries, unchartered hanks, and the circulation of bank notes for less than five dollars, shall he construed as remedial” — that is, they shall he given a liberal construction.
It may he well to say at this point, that the contention of defendant in error is that the dealings between him and McIntyre & Company, were not gaming transactions. Plaintiff in error, on the other hand, contends that they were mere dealings in futures which never contemplated the actual delivery of stocks, but merely had in view the adjusting of differences in market value. To meet this aspect of the case, in the event the jury should take the plaintiff in error’s view of the transaction, defendant in error offered the instructions based upon section 2837; his contention being that, as there was no element of gaming in the transaction between himself and plaintiff in error, he had a plain right to recover upon the evidence submitted by him, hut if the jury were of opinion that the dealings in proof before them constituted a gambling transaction, the plaintiff still had a right to recover under the statute in such eases made and provided.
Taking the instruction as a whole, we do not think the jury could have been misled by the change of phraseology.
The fourth instruction tells the jury: “That the question as to whether or not one is agent for another with power to bind his principal where the interest of outside parties is involved, is one to be determined not alone by the actual contract between the parties as to whom it is sought to establish the relation of principal and agent, but that is to be considered together with all the facts and circumstances which in addition bear thereon. The question of agency in this case is to be determined by the jury from all the evidence relating to the transaction of the business and all the facts and circumstances connected with the same, both as between T. A. McIntyre & Company and E. D. Armstrong and between said McIntyre & Company and said E. D. Armstrong and parties dealing with them.”
We think that these instructions correctly propounded the law as applied to the evidence.
The fifth assignment of error is that the lower court erred in refusing to give the first and third instructions, as offered by plaintiff in error, and in giving the third instruction 4>g amended by the court.
The first instruction is as follows: “The court instructs the jury that the agency of E. D. Armstrong for T. A. McIntyre & Company as principals must be proven to exist before there can be any introduction of evidence by the plaintiff showing or tending to show acts or statements done or made by said Armstrong as such agent, and unless the jury shall believe from the evidence that the fact of the agency of Armstrong as aforesaid was proven before the introduction of evidence showing or tending to show such acts or statements by him, then such evi
Y^e have sufficiently considered the proposition embodied in this instruction in passing upon the admissibility of certain evidence. There, of course, must be evidence that Armstrong was the agent of T. A. McIntyre & Company, and further evidence of such acts on his part as agent as are sufficient to bind T. A. McIntyre & Company, as his principal, in order to maintain the judgment in this case, and, as we have already said, it is safer first to prove the agency and then the acts of the agent relied upon to bind the principal, but after all the question is not so much as to the order of proof as to the sufficiency of the proof to establish those propositions; and if upon the whole record it appears that Armstrong was the agent of McIntyre & Company, and as such agent did such acts as would bind his principals, the order in which the proof was introduced will not require a reversal of the judgment.
Instruction Yo. 2 asked for by plaintiff in error was given by the court, and as it will tend to show that upon the whole case the jury was properly and sufficiently instructed, it is well that it should appear in this opinion. It is as follows:
“The court instructs the jury, that in order to establish the agency of Armstrong, the mere fact that he held himself out to the public as correspondent of McIntyre & Company is not sufficient, although said McIntyre & Company may have known that he so held himself out; but there must have been some other act or representation of agency done or made by Armstrong, with the knowledge or acqtdeseence of McIntyre & Company, from which the jury may reasonably and fairly infer that such agency existed, before the jury can find a verdict for the plaintiff.”
We think that instruction quite as favorable to the plaintiff in error as it shordd have been.
The third instruction asked for by plaintiff in error is as follows: “The court instructs the jury, that if they shall believe from the evidence that the plaintiff, Thomas Smyth, bought
This instruction the court refused to give, as asked for, but gave it with the following addition: “but if the parties intended that the goods were actually to be delivered by the seller to the buyer, said transactions are valid, even though at the time of the sale the seller had not the goods and no other means of getting them except to go into the open market and buy them, but such contract is valid where the parties really intended and agreed that the goods were to be delivered by the seller and to be paid for by the buyer.”
We are of opinion that there was no error in this instruction; and that upon the whole case the jury were properly instructed.
This brings us to the sixth assignment of error. The suit, as originally brought in the corporation court, was against T. A. McIntyre, doing business as T. A. McIntyre & Company, and R. D. Armstrong. Afterwards it was made to appear that the firm of T. A. McIntyre & Company was composed of a number of persons; and thereupon the corporation court, by an order, permitted the plaintiff to proceed at once against T. A. McIntyre and R. D. Armstrong, and continued the case as to the other four members of the firm of T. A. McIntyre & Company. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff against the two defendants, T. A. McIntyre and R. D. Armstrong, and
The contention of plaintiff in error is that the court should have made a final disposition of the case as to Armstrong; and that, in order to make good the judgment against plaintiff in error, the court, after setting aside the verdict as to Armstrong, should have dismissed the case from the docket as to him, or else made some other final disposition of it so far as he was concerned.
We do not perceive how plaintiff in error was injured by the failure of the court to dismiss the case from the docket as to Armstrong; but however that may be, the action of the court seems to be authorized by section 3395 of the Code.
“In an action, founded on' contract, against two or more defendants, although the plaintiff may he barred as to one- or more of them, yet he may have judgment against any other or others of the defendants, against whom he would have been entitled to recover if he had sued them only.”
“Under this section,” said this court in Bush v. Campbell, 26 Gratt. 403, “there may be judgments in favor of some of defendants at one time and against other defendants at another, and it applies to actions on contract against two or more defendants, where defense of some is personal to themselves, though the defense is that they never were parties to the contract sued on, as non est factum."
The seventh assignment of error is that the court refused to pet aside the verdict upon the following grounds': (1) That Armstrong was not the agent of T. A. McIntyre & Company for any purpose; (2) that Armstrong’s dealings with the defendant in error, Smyth, were in the nature of gaming contracts on margins, and that there was no intention on the part either of Smyth or Armstrong to receive or to deliver the stocks
In discussing the preceding assignments of error, we have reached the conclusion that the corporation court committed no error in the admission of testimony; that the jury were properly instructed; and that there was evidence tending to prove all the facts upon which the several instructions were predicated ; and, without now going further into the evidence, we are of opinion that upon all of the controverted questions there was evidence sufficient to require that the case be submitted to a jury, and upon familiar principles their verdict cannot be disturbed, except upon a point now to be presented.
The jury rendered their verdict for the sum of $883.25, the full amount claimed by the defendant in error in his declaration. The motion to set aside the verdict as contrary to the evidence authorized and required the court to determine upon the evidence whether the plaintiff had maintained his cause of action in whole or in part. If upon a review of the evidence it plainly appeared that the damages awarded by the jury were too large, the trial court might in its discretion set the verdict aside and award a new trial, or it might put the plaintiff upon terms to abate the amount of the verdict in his favor, if there was in the evidence plain proof as to the correct sum which the jury should have awarded.
Turning to» the plaintiff’s own evidence, read in connection with the statement of his account, we find, in the account, items of profit upon several transactions aggregating $353.25, from which is to be deducted a loss on cotton of $70, leaving of profits $283.25; amount invested $400, a second item of amount invested $200; making an aggregate of $600 cash, which he claims to have furnished McIntyre & Company, which added to the $283.25 makes the sum of $883.25, for which the jury rendered
“Q. I understand you got a check from him (i. e., from Armstrong) for $400 ? A. That was for business previous to that time.
“Q. Iiow much did you ever put up with him ? A. $700 or $800, and I got $400 at one time.
“Q. You are $300 or $400 short? A. Yes, sir. That is right.”
Giving the plaintiff the largest sum consistent with his own statement of his case, the verdict should not have been for more than $400.
We are, therefore, of opinion that, as the record affords plain and certain proof by which the error can be corrected, it is proper for this court to render such judgment as the corporation court ought to have entered; and that the verdict should be reduced to $400, and judgment entered for that amount, with interest thereon from May 10, 1906, till paid. Bowyer v. Hewett, 2 Gratt. 193; Lewis v. Arnold, 13 Gratt. 454; 4 Min. Inst. (1st ed.), pt. 1, p. 870.
In all other respects the judgment of the corporation court is affirmed.
Amended and Affirmed.