253 F. 613 | 5th Cir. | 1918
This was an action by Lowell R. Gaidry, a citizen of Louisiana and a manufacturer of a sauce called “Tabasco Pepper Sauce,” against Mcllhenny Company, a corporation organized under the laws of the state of Maine, to recover damages for alleged wrongful conduct of the defendant in interfering with the plaintiff’s business, by falsely and in bad faith representing, by papers, circulars, and letters, to dealers throughout the country, including those who have handled the plaintiff’s product, that the defendant has an exclusive trade-mark right in the name “Tabasco,” and threatening legal proceedings, including injunctions, and demands for accounting for profits, against those who handle any sauce called “Tabasco” unless made by the defendant. The parties will be referred to a,s they were designated in the trial court. A jury was waived, and the court made special findings of fact, upon which was predicated its judgment in favor of the plaintiff, assessing damages at the sum of $1,000. Each of the parties sued out a writ of error to obtain a review of that judgment.
The plaintiff claims that he has the right to use the word “Tabasco” in the name of the sauce he produces and puts on the market, and that the defendant falsely and in bad faith pretends to believe that it has the exclusive right to use that word as the name of a sauce, ánd holds itself out to the trade as the owner of a trade-mark in that word as a name for a pepper sauce; the defendant well knowing that its claim that it has an exclusive right to use the name “Tabasco” as applied to a sauce is false and fraudulent, such claim being made solely to injure its competitors in business, and particularly the plaintiff. The claim of the defendant is that it has the exclusive right to use the word “Tabasco” in connection with pepper sauce, and that the plaintiff is not legally justified in complaining of the conduct of the defendant in asserting that right, claimed in good faith, and in undertaking to maintain it.
The plaintiff contends that certain incidents in the history of the defendant and of its predecessors in the sauce-making business have the effect of conclusively establishing the falsity of the defendant’s claim that it has an exclusive right to the use of the name “Tabasco” in connection with a sauce, and of showing that the defendant’s continued assertion of that claim is fraudulent and in bad faith, and is made solely for the wrongful purpose of injuring its competitors in business, including the plaintiff. The defendant, on the other hand, sets up the claim that the plaintiff was so connected with a suit brought by the defendant in the District Court of the United States for the
The incidents relied upon by the plaintiff to sustain its last-mentioned contention are: (1) The judgments rendered in certain suits between the defendant rind third parties, with whom the plaintiff is not in. privity, in which suits the defendant unsuccessfully asserted the claim that it had the exclusive right to use the word “Tabasco” in connection with pepper sauce; (2) the expiration of a United States patent, issued in 1870 to Edmund Mcllhenny, through whom the defendant claims, for a method or process of making or compounding a sauce; and, (3) the cancellation of a registration in the United States Patent Office, on the application of the defendant’s predecessor, of the name “Tabasco” as a trade-mark.
“i. The pepper sauce prepared of tlie ingredients herein set forth, substantially in the maimer specified.
"2. The herein described process of preparing pepper sauce from the ingredients, in about tlie proportions set forth.”
Tlie following was a finding of the court:
“The process thus patented was abandoned by Hdmund Mclfhenny shor.fly after the patent was issued, and has not boon used since by him, or his successors in title, and is not used by the plaintiff.”
What was patented was the described process of preparing pepper sauce and the pepper sauce prepared in accordance with the patent
The ruling in the case of Singer Mfg. Co. v. June Mfg. Co., 163 U. S. 169, 16 Sup. Ct. 1002, 41 L. Ed. 118, was to the effect that on the expiration of a patent the public has the right to make the patented article and to use the identifying name of it which, with the consent or acquiescence of the patentee, it came to be known by while the patent was in force and had at the time of the expiration of the patent. That ruling furnishes no support for the proposition that the expiration of a patent gives the public the right to use in the name of a thing other than the patented one a word which, during the life of the patent, came to be the identifying name of a product of the patentee which never had, and for which he never claimed, the protection of the patent. If Edmund Mcllhenny, prior to the expiration of the patent to him, had acquired the exclusive right to use the word “Tabasco” with reference to a sauce not made by the patented process, that right was not extinguished by the expiration of the patent, as the patent had nothing to do with the acquisition of it. The expiration of the patent did not have the effect of conferring on the public, or the plaintiff as a part of it, any right with reference to the name of a thing which was not a subject of the patent. From the fact that the defendant has no exclusive right to use the patented process, it does not follow that it has not the exclusive right, the assertion of which by it is complained of by the plaintiff.
The preparation by Gaidry’s attorneys of an answer for White, which was filed by the latter’s attorney, and the negotiations with the result, or lack of result, above indicated, were not enough to make Ihe decree rendered in the case binding upon the plaintiff in the pending case. One having an interest in defeating the relief sought in a suit may, by openly taking charge of and conducting the defense therein, become bound by the result of the suit, though he was not a party thereto on the record. But one who was not a party on the record, and who did not, in person or by an authorized representative, either appear in the case or participate in the coutrol or conduct of it in court, is not bound by the result of it in consequence of an attorney employed by him preparing a pleading in the case and furnishing it to the attorney for a party on the record. Such defense as was made in the case in which the decree mentioned was rendered
Several years prior to 1868 a man who at the time had recently come from Mexico gave to Edmund Mcllhenny some peppers having a peculiar and agreeable flavor and aroma, all or a part of which were planted by Mr. Mcllhenny on his place on Avery Island, near New Iberia, Ea., and thereafter he continued to grow them there; he being the first person to grow those peppers in the United States. In 1868 he began the manufacture and sale of a table sauce made from that pepper, marketing it in a distinctive bottle bearing a distinctive label, conspicuous words on which were “Tabasco * * Pepper Sauce”; the word “Tabasco” being separated from the other two words by stars. The business so started was continuously conducted by its founder until his death in 1890, and thereafter hy a firm composed of his widow .and children, until the defendant corporation, controlled by the same family, was formed and succeeded to the business, which it still carries on. There was no name by which the kind of pepper mentioned was known when Mr. Mcllhenny began to grow it, or when he started the manufacture and sale of the sauce made from it. After-wards it came'to be known as “Tabasco pepper,” though it was and is also called “bird pepper.” In the application made by Mr. Mcllhenny in 1870 for the patent issued to him in that year it was referred to as “the pepper known in the market as Tabasco pepper.” In 1887 it was listed as Tabasco pepper in the catalogue of a New Orleans seed dealer. In 1888 it was described by a botanist of Geneva, N. Y., as ■a new variety, and he named it “Tabasco pepper.” This was the first time it was recognized hotanically and under that name.
Edmund Mcllhenny and the immediate successors to his business were the exclusive manufacturers of a sauce for the market made from that pepper, and in the name of which the word “Tabasco” was used, from 1868 until 1896. In the latter year a rival in Texas commenced the manufacture and sale of a sauce labeled “Tabasco Pepper Sauce.” Thereafter others in .different parts of the country did likewise. The defendant and its immediate predecessor, acting on the advice of reputable counsel who were fully apprised of the facts,
The court made findings of fact which, with an exception to be stated, were such as the above stated evidence called for. Among the findings was the following:
"Tiio defendant and its predecessors In title in good faith have claimed a common-law trade-mark in the word ‘Tabasco,’ and. until the year 1S!K> had the exclusive use of the trade-mark, but since that time other manufacturers of pepper sauce have used the word ‘Tabasco’ in connection with their manufactured product. That the word ‘Tabasco,’ as applied to pepper sauce, is generic, and indicates quality, ingredients, and place of origin of the pepper from which it is made.”
The court overruled motions made by the defendant that the concluding sentence of the above-quoted finding be canceled and eliminaied, and that the following be incorporated among the court’s findings of fact:
“That the word ‘Tabasco,’ as .applied to pepper sauce, indicates origin of manufacture: that is to say, that the sauce to which the term is applied is the sauce made by E. Mcllhenny of New Iberia, La., and his successors in title.”
The rulings mentioned are duly presented for review. The ground urged in support of the motion to cancel and eliminate was that the finding at which that motion was aimed was unsupported by evidence. In support of the motion to incorporate the proposed finding above set out it was contended that the uncontroverted evidence justified such a finding. Another finding made by the court was the following:
“The plaintiff has suffered damage by the publication of the circulars and letters of defendant amounting to the sum of $1,000.”
Before Edmund Mcllhenny began the manufacture and sale of his sauce, the word “Tabasco” had an established meaning. It was and is the name of one of the states of Mexico. In a suit quite similar to the pending one, brought by a rival pepper sauce manufacturer against
We understand it to be a contention of the counsel for the plaintiff in the pending suit that the previous rendition of such decisions in litigated cases to which the defendant’s predecessor was a party had the effect of conclusively showing that the defendant was lacking in good faith in persisting in the assertion of an exclusive right which had been so explicitly ruled against in the only eases in which the question had been contested on its merits to a final conclusion. Such conclusive effect in favor of the plaintiff cannot be accorded to decisions rendered in favor of parties with whom he is not in privity, especially when those decisions are not reconcilable with later rulings which are authoritative and controlling. In the case of Baglin v. Cusenier Co., 221 U. S. 580, 31 Sup. Ct. 669, 55 L. Ed. 863, it was decided that the fact that the primary meaning of the word “Chartreuse” was geographical, being the name of a locality and of a monastery in France, did not prevent the acquisition of the exclusive right to use it as the designation of a liqueur made by the monks of the monastery of Ea Grande Chartreuse. Speaking of the use of the word by the monies as a designation of their product, the court said:
‘Tf it be assumed that the monks took their name from the region in France in which they settled in the eleventh century, it still remains true that it became peculiarly their designation; and the word ‘Chartreuse,’ as applied to the liqueur which for generations they made and sold, cannot be regarded ip a proper sense as a geographical name. It had exclusive reference to the fact that it was the liqueur made by the Carthusian monks at their monastery. So far as it embraced the notion of place, the description was not of a district, but of the monastery of the order — the abode of the monks — and the term in its entirety pointed to production by the monks.”
In the case of Hamilton-Brown Shoe Co. v. Wolf Brothers & Co., 240 U. S. 251, 36 Sup. Ct. 269, 60 L. Ed. 629, the'right of a manufacturer to use the words “The American Girl” as a trade-mark for shoes made-by it was sustained. It was said in the opinion rendered in that case:
“We do not regard the word ‘The American Girl,’ adopted and employed by complainant in connection with shoes of its manufacture, as being a geographical or descriptive term- It does not signify that the shoes are*621 manufactured in America, or intended to be sold or used in America, nor does it indicate the quality or characteristics of the shoes. _ Indeed, it does not, in its primary signification, indicate shoes at ail. It is a fanciful designation, arbitrarily selected by complainant’s predecessors to designate shoes of their manufacture. Wo are convinced that it was subject to appropriation for that purpose, and it abundantly appears to have been appropriated and used by comida inant and those under whom it claims.”
The rulings just referred to establish the proposition that the fact that a word" or expression lias a geographical meaning does not prevent its appropriation as a trade-mark, or as the designation of a manufacturer’s or dealer’s product, when it is so used as not to have a geographical or descriptive signification, nor make legally impossible the assertion in good faith of a claim of exclusive right to use such word or expression for a nongeographical and nondescriptive purpose, even though such use may result or have resulted in its acquiring a new meaning, or new meanings separate and distinct from the one it had before. Uncontradicted evidence in the pending case was to the effect that., when Edmund Mcllhenny adopted the word “Tabasco” in the designation of the pepper sauce manufactured and sold by him, he did not use it as a geographical or descriptive term. It is obvious that it did not indicate the place of manufacture. It did not indicate the kind of pepper which was the principal ingredient of the sauce, as that pepper was not then known by that name; it having afterwards acquired the name of Tabasco pepper, apparently because it was the pepper from which Tabasco sauce was made.
Much testimony was adduced to prove that the kind of pepper used in making the defendant’s sauce was, at the time the testimony was given and for many years before, known and dealt in as “Tabasco pepper.” This was not controverted. But there was no evidence tending to prove that, when the defendant’s first predecessor in business adopted the word “Tabascp” as the designation of his sauce, that pepper had ceased to be an unnamed variety. Nor was there any evidence to support the conclusion that the word indicated the place of origin of tlie pepper from which the sauce was made. There was no evidence tending to prove that the first of such peppers, which were obtained and planted by Edmund Mcllhenny, came from the state of Tabasco or from a locality having that name. The word as it theretofore had been used was not indicative of the quality, characteristics, or ingredients of the sauce in connection with which the defendant’s predecessor first made use of it. We think the uncontroverted evidence was such as to call for favorable action on the motions made by the defendant to the effect that an above-quoted finding by the court be canceled and eliminated, and that the following be incorporated among the court’s findings of fact;
“Tbal tlie word ‘Tabasco/ as applied to pepxier sauce, indicates origin of manufacture; tliat is to say, that tlie sauce to which the term is applied is the sauce made by E. Mcllhenny, of New Iberia, La., and his successors in title.”
It is not to be denied that the decisions in the two cases last cited constitute such authoritative recognition of the legal propositions relied on to support the claim of an exclusive right to use the word
“The plaintiff has suffered damage by the publication of the circulars and letters of the defendant amounting to the sum of $1,000.”
That finding by itself is not enough to support the legal conclusion that the defendant was liable for the pecuniary loss sustained by the plaintiff. Findings of fact which were made negative the conclusion that the defendant was guilty of the alleged conduct which was made the-basis of the plaintiff’s demand. It follows that the judgment presénted for review cannot be sustained. If is reversed, and a judgment in favor of the defendant will be here entered.
Reversed.