9 Haw. 475 | Haw. | 1894
Lead Opinion
Opinion of the Court, by
The question reserved by the Circuit Court for our opinion is that raised by the demurrer, namely, whether under our statutes a person non comp>os may, by his guardian, maintain a libel for divorce.
In the absence of statute, the general opinion in both England and America is that a suit for either nullity or separation may be maintained either by or against an insane person, but that in England a suit for divorce cannot be maintained either by or against an insane person, while in those of the United States in which the question has arisen a suit for divorce may be maintained against but not by an
The cases contain lengthy discussions of the policy of or reasons for, the distinction between an insane plaintiff and an insane defendant. The argument of the American courts seems to be that in the case of an insane defendant, the two conditions said to be essential to a divorce may be present namely, the fault of one party and the consent of the other, while in the case of an insane plaintiff the consent of the injured party is necessarily wanting, for the reason that an insane person, having no mind, cannot consent. It is argued further that marriage is a personal status, the making or unmaking of which is a personal matter, “ depending on the choice of the heart, rather than of the head,” “more on feelings and convictions than on considerations appreciably by others,” and that therefore “it is in the option of the injured party ” alone to say “ whether he will forgive the offense or take a divorce for it.” This reasoning might at first thought seem to indicate that marriage is solely a personal matter, in which the parties alone are interested, and that there is something in the nature of things to prevent its dissolution without the active consent of the injured party. And yet it is perhaps universally conceded that the state may, either from considerations of public policy or from considerations of what is deemed to be for the best interest of the parties immediately concerned, alter the conditions upon which the marriage status may be created or dissolved; and in pursuance of such power, as we have seen, statutes have been passed authorizing divorce suits by insane persons.
The distinction taken by the American courts is good so far as it goes. There are reasons, it is true, that apply to the case of an insane plaintiff which do not apply to the case of an insane defendant, for the consent of the plaintiff should, if possible, be required, while the fault aloné of the defendant'
Mordaunt vs. Mordaunt, L. R. 2 P. and D., 103 ; Baker vs. Baker, L. R, 5 P. D., 142; 6 P. D., 12.
This conclusion commends itself to our reason. While to allow divorce proceedings by a guardian on behalf of his insane ward might possibly in some instances, result in the dissolution of a status, which the ward, if of sound- mind, might prefer to continue, yet to allow such proceedings under no circumstances would operate as a license for the other spouse to “ commit adultery, cruelty, desertion, and every other marital offense, with impunity.” Nor can it even be
On authority, we should be obliged to hold that, in the absence of statute, this suit could not be maintained, and the sole question is whether our statutes go to tbe extent of allowing such suit. The question of policy, of course, cannot alter tbe law as passed by tbe legislature, but has considerable bearing upon tbe construction to be placed upon the statute in so far as it is doubtful, and should be considered in order to understand tlie state of tbe law in tbe absence of statute.
In Massachusetts tbe statute merely provided that libels for divorce should be signed by the libellant if sane or of age, otherwise by bis guardian. The legislature in so doing
Our statute of divorce is much like the English statute so far as the purposes of this case are concerned. It does not refer to insane persons, but by the reasoning of English courts would undoubtedly authorize a suit for divorce by a guardian on behalf of an insane ward. It is true that our statute provides that the libel shall “be signed by the libellant,” and that an insane person cannot do this. But the English statute went further and provided that the petitioner should verify his petition by affidavit, and yet it was held that this might be done by his committee, “ who would in fact be the petitioner on the lunatic’s behalf.” But, if there should be any question on this point in our divorce act, it is solved by the provision of the law relating to guardians (Civil Code, Sec. 1858), that the guardian of an insane person “ shall appear for and represent his ward in all legal suits and proceedings, unless where another person is appointed for that purpose.” And we hold that this provision of the Code, taken' in connection with the divorce act, authorizes suits for divorce by a guardian of the person and property on behalf of his insane ward.. As remarked by the English couft in Baker vs. Baker, supra: “If an insane respondent must defend herself as best she may by means of a guardian ad litem, I do not see where the act has indicated that an insane, petitioner may not institute a suit for divorce through his committee, as he might sue for the breach of an ordinary contract; ” and “ as proceedings for divorce are civil, though
It may be argued that because our statute relating to nullity expressly provides for the bringing of such suits by the guardian of a person insane or under legal age, and because there is no similar provision in the divorce act, it must be inferred that the legislature meant to exclude divorce suits by guardians, on the principle that expressio unius est exclusio alterius. But this is purely a question of intention. The divorce act ivas passed some years after the provisions of the code which relate to nullity; and there was nothing-special to call the attention of the legislature to the case of persons insane or under age in the divorce law as there was in the nullity law, for insanity and non-age are made grounds of nullity but not of divorce. It would hardly be contended that the provisions for suits by guardian in the nullity act ■would exclude suits by guardian under Sections 1100, 1116 and 1118, of the Civil Code which relate to actions on contract and other matters or under Sections 1336 — 1341 of the Civil Code which relate to suits for separation, but which do not refer to guardians in any way.
The demurrer should be overruled.
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion.
I dissent. This proceeding is a libel for divorce commenced February 8th, 1894. Two weeks prior to that time Henri G. McGrew had, by a competent court, and by proper proceedings for that purpose, been adjudged to be non compos mentis, and this action is brought in his name by bis duly constituted guardian. The bill, in addition to setting forth the above facts, alleges a marriage between plaintiff and defendant, at Paris, in France, on March 25th,
The words “ non compos mentis” are defined by Bouvier as constituting “ a generic term, including all the species of madness, whether it arise from idiocy, sickness, lunacy, or drunkenness.” These words themselves import the condition of a person not of sound mind, memory, or understanding. In their legal acceptation they import such want of mind or understanding as renders the. person incapable of contracting, or of managing or conducting his own business affairs with ordinary prudence and discretion. In all civilized governments such persons are confided to the care of certain courts, and by statute such courts are, upon proper showing and proceedings had, authorized and empowered to appoint guardians of the estate of such party, and in cases where such disability renders him incapable of caring for himself, then of his person as well as of his estate.
Sec. 1350 of our Oomp. Laws, taken in connection with Sec. 1372, provides for the appointment of such guardian. Under the provisions of this statute, this libellant has been duly adjudged non compos mentis, and a guardian of his person and estate has been duly appointed, and such adjudication, so long as the guardianship continues, is conclusive evidence
The demurrer interposed by the defendant must be held to admit all the allegations of the bill, including the adultery charged, and that, it is conceded, constitutes good and sufficient ground for a divorce if the action was brought by a libellant of sound mind and without the intervention of a guardian. The questions arising upon this record are : 1st. Can a guardian of an incompetent person, at common Jaw, institute and maintain, in the name of his ward, an action for a divorce? 2nd. If not at common law, do the statutes of these islands confer the power upon, or make it the duty of the guardian to commence and prosecute such action?
First: “ The remedy by divorce is purely a civ.il and private prosecution, under the control and at the volition of the party aggrieved, and he may bar liimself of the remedy in several ways by his own act.” 2 Kent’s Com., 100.
There is no offense which either of the spouses can commit, except the actual killing of the one by the other, which, per se, operates to annul the marriage, neither is there any act or offense by the guilty party, however heinous or revolting, which the innocent party may not condone. That the respondent in this case has often and with divers persons been guilty of acts of adultery, running back through a period of two years immediately preceding the commencement of this action, is admitted by her pleading. It is true ■ she is not finally nor necessarily bound by such admission, for should this demurrer be overruled, upon proper application, she would doubtless be permitted to answer and deny all the accusations made against her, should she be so advised; but as the case now stands all charges against her are admitted, but it will be observed that the plaintiff was not adjudged to be non compos mentis until January 24th, 1894, and this action was commenced only fifteen days afterward, and until such adjudication he is, in law, presumed to have been sane and in the full possession of sound mental faculties, so that it appears from plaintiff’s
The power to condone is personal, and can be exercised at the will and pleasure of the innocent party, but by no other person; and it would seem equally clear that he cannot be deprived of this personal right and privilege by any other person; and yet, to successfully prosecute this action to final decree, by a guardian, at a time when the ward is incompetent to give any rational expression to his wishes in the premises, is to so deprive him. If rational he might be not only willing but eager to condone the wrong. There may exist, for aught the court or his guardian can know, many reasons, which, to the ward, when sane, would overcome all resentment against the guilty party, and make it desirable for him to continue the marriage relation notwithstanding the wrong committed. His silence for two years lacking two weeks before the commencement of this suit, and during the time of the commission of those offenses by the respondent, ought not to be ignored by a court. His right, personally, to elect or reject condonation cannot be destroyed at the will of a guardian of his person and estate. The will of the latter may not be, nor is it presumed to be the will of the ward. His will upon this question, expressed at a time when his intelligence is impaired should only be considered by a court. The record before me does notr show that he has ever expressed that will or his election, but it does show that when this action was commenced for and not by him, he was incapable of expressing any intelligent will upon the subject.
In Birdzell vs. Birdzell, 33 Kan., 433, the court uses the following language: “ Marriage is a personal status and relation assumed for the joint lives of the parties and can never be created or brought into existence except with the free and voluntary consent of the parties assuming the same, and i.t can never be dissolved or destroyed while both parties are living, so as to affect an innocent party thereto, except for a grievous and essential wrong committed against such relation by the other party, and with the free and voluntary consent, and indeed, with the active and affirmative Abolition of the wronged and innocent party.”
Bradford vs. Abend, 89 Ill., 78, was an action to set aside a decree of divorce granted to the Avife, in an action brought by her guardian at a time Avhen she Avas insane and actually confined in an asylum in an adjoining state. That there was collusion between the guardian and the defendant is-patent upon the face of the record, but the Supreme Court of the State of Illinois thought it unnecessary to consider that branch of the case, and based its decision solely upon the
Under tbe General Divorce Statutes of England, it has been held tbat tbe guardian of a lunatic may bring a suit for a mere legal separation or a nullity suit, or a suit for alimony ; and in some of tbe United States tbe legislature has expressly conferred upon guardians tbe right to sue for and obtain for their insane wards absolute divorces, but in all such cases tbe decrees have uniformly been based upon tbe special statute authorizing them, and not upon tbe common law. Such is tbe case in Bhode Island and since 1860 in Massachusetts.
Second: Do tbe statutes of Hawaii confer such right or power ?
Sec. 1351, Comp. Laws, gives to tbe guardian when duly appointed “ tbe care and custody of tbe person of tbe Avard, and tbe management of all bis estate.” This expresses generally bis statutory powers, but tbe Avife constitutes no part of the estate, real personal or mixed, of tbe husband. Tbe days of such slavery and proprietorship have, among tbe civilized nations of tbe earth long since sunk into endless night; neither is tbe Avife a part of tbe person of tbe husband. Tbe legal fiction of tbe unity of tbe spouses never included their personality or individuality. Tbe guardian, under bis letters, acquires no control of tbe wife, but only tbe person of bis ward.
Among other duties imposed upon tbe guardian by legislative enactment is tbe following found in Sec. 1357, Comp. Laws: “ Every guardian appointed under the provisions of this chapter * * * shall appear for and represent his ward in all legal suits and proceedings, unless another person is appointed for tbat purpose as guardian or next friend.”
“ Guardians are not technically representatives of anybody. They simply stand in the position of protectors. The guardian is the counsel assigned by operation of law, to conduct the suit.” Fox vs. Minor, 32 Cal. 112.
Should the estate real or personal be threatened with waste or loss, the guardian could and should take any action necessary or proper for its protection. Should he deem the bodily presence of the offending wife harmful or injurious to the person mental or physical, .of his ward, he could doubtless find ways and means through the courts for personal protection from such conditions, or he may bring any other action necessary to protect the life or person of his ward, but an action for a divorce does not come within this category; on the contrary, it is held both in England and the United States that an action for divorce is an action in rem not in personam.
This construction of the statute is further borne out by the provisions of Sec. 3, Comp. Laws, relating to divorce, p. 435. “ All proceedings for divorce shall be commenced by libel, to be signed by the libellant, and sworn to.” The verification may be by a third party, but the signing must be by the libellant in pro. per., and since, in this case, he is non compos mentis, he can, in law, no more sign it than he can, in fact, understand it.
So the guardian of an idiot or insane person may bring an action for divorce, providing the ward was non compos mentis at the time of marriage. Sec. 1318, Comp. Laws. With those two exceptions the legislative will stopped, leaving all other actions for divorce subject to the common law of England, as ascertained by English and American decisions. Statutes, 1892, Sec. 5, p. 91. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius.
Our statute relating to guardians, their powers and duties, as hereinbefore quoted, are exact and literal reproductions of the statutes of Massachusetts on the same subject, and there, as early as 1810, in the case of Winslow vs. Winslow, 7 Mass. 95, which was an action for absolute divorce on the ground of the adultery of the wife, and the libel was subscribed bj a guardian who had been appointed over the libellant, the Supreme Court said : “It would be monstrous to dissolve a marriage upon such an application. It could not be known that the party ever gave his assent to the prosecution. If he is desirous of a divorce, and has sufficient grounds to obtain one, he must file his libel in his own name.”
This decision is practically a holding that the words “ shall appear for and represent his ward in all legal suits and proceedings ” do not include an action for divorce. The. Legislature of that State recognized this construction, and in the General Statutes of 1860, Sec. 16 of the Divorce Law, p. 533, it is provided that in all cases “ every libel shall be signed by the libellant if of sound mind and legal age to consent to marriage, otherwise it may be signed by his or her guardian, or by any person admitted by the court to prosecute the same as next friend of this libellant.” Since this amendment of the divorce laws of Massachusetts, several actions for the divorce of persons non compos mentis have been brought by the guardian and sustained by the court, but the
The question of policy in this or any other given case, is one for the legislature and not for the court. Questions of expediency are addressed to the Executive, policy to the Legislative, and the law to the Judicial. Each is declared to be a separate and independent branch of the Government, and neither should trench upon or exereise the powers of the other.
For these reasons I am of the opinion that the demurrer should be sustained and the action dismissed.
