12 S.E.2d 212 | Ga. Ct. App. | 1940
Lead Opinion
A promoter, when he assumes to act on behalf of a projected corporation, and not for himself, is to be treated as an agent of the corporation to be formed, even though not yet in existence, and he will not be personally liable on the contract where it shows on its face that the other party agreed to look to the corporation for payment. The contract in the present case, under which the plaintiff was to install and operate a plant of a corporation to be organized and financed by the defendant promoter, shows that the plaintiff agreed to look to the corporation for his compensation. It was therefore not error for the court to sustain the general demurrer to the petition.
The defendant demurred to the petition on the ground that no cause of action was set forth against him, and that under the facts alleged the defendant had fully complied with all of his undertakings, as set forth in the contract, and that any obligation owed to the plaintiff as alleged is owed by the corporation, which was organized by the defendant, and not by the defendant himself. The court sustained the demurrer, and the exception here is to that judgment.
The contract made between the promoter, who is the defendant, and the plaintiff, before the corporation was created, recites that the "corporation does hereby employ" the plaintiff to "install and operate" the plant of the corporation for a period of not less than two years from the date of the first operation, "and to pay you [plaintiff] for such services a salary of sixty ($60) dollars a week, beginning with your severance of your present work, and in addition to said salary to pay you a bonus of two cents for each case of 24 bottles of all drinks bottled by you, when sold by said corporation," and that "said bonus of two cents per case to run for the period of two years from beginning of operation." It is this last obligation which the plaintiff is suing on, and upon which he seeks to hold Kingman, the promoter, liable. We concede that the contract is one between the plaintiff and Kingman, and not one between the plaintiff and the non-existing corporation.
The question is, is Kingman, by the terms of the contract, liable to the plaintiff for a failure of the corporation, which was afterwards created, and for which the plaintiff afterwards went to work, to pay plaintiff the agreed bonus of two cents per case on bottles of beer that were sold by the plaintiff for the corporation? The plaintiff performed the services for the corporation and has not been paid therefor. The corporation, at the time the defendant entered into his obligation, was non-existent. The provision that the corporation "does hereby employ" the plaintiff to perform the specified services in the future, after the creation of the corporation, must necessarily mean that the corporation will employ the plaintiff to perform for the corporation the required services. There is nothing in this provision of the contract expressly obligating either *107 the defendant or the corporation to pay for the plaintiff's services to be performed for the corporation after it is created. It is not expressly agreed that Kingman is to pay for such services which the plaintiff is to perform for such corporation. The contract recites that the corporation "does hereby employ you" (the plaintiff) and "to pay you." This does not mean that Kingman is to pay the plaintiff, but must necessarily mean that the corporation is to pay the plaintiff. Therefore, there can be no liability on Kingman to the plaintiff for failure of the corporation, after employing the plaintiff, to pay him for his services, unless the contract is to be construed as an obligation or guaranty by Kingman that the corporation will pay the plaintiff for such services.
There are no words of guaranty, or obligation to pay, in the contract, except so far as may be contained in the provision quoted. In the provision quoted it is recited that the corporation is to pay the plaintiff for the services to be rendered to the corporation. The recital that the corporation will employ the plaintiff and pay him for his services is a provision whereby the plaintiff is to look to the corporation for his pay and not to Kingman. The contract contemplated that the services were to be rendered by the plaintiff to the corporation afterwards to be created, and that the corporation was to pay him for the services rendered. Chicago Building c. Co. v. Talbotton Co.,
The situation here is different from that in cases where goods or services are received by the promoter and it was held that the obligation to pay therefor was his individual liability. The petition is not predicated on the theory that the defendant is liable for the reason that he failed to finance the operation of the corporation. The alleged agreement to finance the operation of the corporation is indefinite as to time, and there is no allegation in the petition as to what a reasonable time would be. Furthermore, an agreement to "finance" the operation of a corporation is itself an indefinite and uncertain term, and there is no allegation as to what it meant in the contract sued on. Neither is it alleged that the failure of the corporation to pay the plaintiff was due to the failure of the defendant to finance its operation. The petition failed to set out a cause of action against the promoter, and the court did not err in sustaining the general demurrer thereto.
Judgment affirmed. Stephens, P. J., and Felton, J., concur.
Dissenting Opinion
The issue here presented, as agreed by both parties, is whether or not the defendant, as promoter of the corporation, is liable to the plaintiff under the pleaded facts. In some States the liability of a promoter in a case of this kind is regulated by statute, but not in this State. While in some jurisdictions the ruling is to the contrary, it is the general rule, as stated by 1 Fletcher Cyclopedia Corporations, 719, § 215, "The liability of promoters on a contract entered into by them will depend upon the terms of the contract and the intention of the parties. They are not personally liable if it is understood that the other party shall look to the corporation only, provided the contract is one adoptable by the corporation, but they are liable in the absence of such an understanding;" and in the same work, p. 724, § 216, it is stated: "Both the promoter and the corporation are liable for adopted services, unless it clearly appears that liability of the promoter was not intended, or the contract provides that adoption shall work a release, or unless there is a novation." To the same effect are 13 Am. Jur. 252, § 113; 18 C. J. S. 532, 533, § 132.
The general rule is followed in this State, the latest pronouncement being in Hagan v. Asa G. Candler Inc.,
The allegations of the petition establish the following: The corporation organized by the defendant was not in existence at the time of the execution of the contract sued on. It failed, when organized, to pay the plaintiff the full amount he was entitled to by reason of his compliance with the contract. Under the authorities above cited the defendant must be regarded as entering into a contract which was enforceable. The corporation not being in existence, he could not be, and was not, at the time of the agreement, an agent of the corporation subsequently organized. Liability for services rendered by the plaintiff, therefore, developed upon the defendant, unless, as shown by the decisions quoted from, the contract was one which evidences expressly or by implication that it was intended that the plaintiff look solely to the corporation for his salary and bonus or unless it appears from the petition, as admittedly it does not appear, that the plaintiff has been fully paid by the corporation. These principles are expressly admitted by the defendant in error to govern the decision of the case, but it is contended by him, and equally asserted to the contrary by the plaintiff in error, that the agreement shows that the plaintiff was to look exclusively to the corporation for a discharge of the obligations assumed towards the plaintiff.
The contract shows that the defendant proposed to organize the corporation and to finance it in certain respects named, and that the defendant was employed to install and operate the plant for a certain period, for which services he was to receive named compensation, and the petition shows that the plaintiff entered upon his duties and fulfilled his obligations, but that he has not been paid a certain amount of bonus for bottled beer. While the contract states that the "said corporation does hereby employ you," etc., such declaration does not state a fact cognizable in law, the corporation not *111 then being in existence, and the employment mentioned must, under the authorities cited, be taken as being the act of the defendant, fixing upon him a liability from which he could escape only in the event it could be said that elsewhere in the contract it is made clear that the plaintiff was to look solely to the corporation, when organized, for compensation, or unless he was released from liability by a proper construction of other provisions of the contract or unless the petition shows that he has been fully paid by the corporation. I do not think that the contract or the petition shows such exemption. It is contended by the defendant in error that liability could not reasonably be ascribed against the defendant, inasmuch as it appears that he has done all that he proposed to do. But this is not the test of his liability. He is liable to the full extent, if at all liable, that the corporation would be liable if existing at the time of the contract and if the defendant was acting as its accredited representative or agent, included in which liability is the obligation to pay the full amount of the compensation of the plaintiff.
Cases cited by counsel for the defendant in error as illustrating the soundness of its contention are distinguishable, in that under the agreements entered into the persons sought to be held liable were expressly exempted from responsibility beyond a stated amount or the contracts expressly provided that the parties were to look exclusively to the corporation to be formed by the promoters. Nor does the provision of the contract here involved, "In case there should be a shortage of ingredients, and the corporation found it impossible to obtain same, or to bottle and sell their products profitably, or if for any other now unforeseen reason, the operation of said plant should become unprofitable, then said corporation shall not be bound to pay you any unearned salary," show that the plaintiff was to look exclusively to the corporation to be formed. At most it goes only to a limitation of the contractual liability which, in the case of a non-existing corporation, is that of the promoter, and would afford him, where the subsequently organized corporation found itself faced with any of the distress mentioned, a protection against salary for the unexpired portion of the contract. Nothing being shown by the contract or allegations of the petition from which it could reasonably be said that the promoter in the present case was released from the liability under the contract, it follows *112 that under the general rule obtaining in this State the petition set out a cause of action against the defendant for the unpaid bonus and interest sued for, and I think the trial court erred in sustaining the general demurrer of the defendant.