McDonald v. State

172 Ind. 393 | Ind. | 1909

Myers, J.

Appellant was convicted on an indictment charging him and another with conspiring for the purpose and with the intent unlawfully, feloniously and designedly to defraud the Adams Express Company, by preparing a package, securely wrapped, which package contained, among other things, two damp sponges, excelsior and damp phosphorus, so arranged that when sufficiently dried the phosphorus would ignite and cause such package and its contents to be burned and consumed; that, in pursuance of the conspiracy, they delivered the package to said express company to be transported from Indianapolis, Indiana, to Louisville, Kentucky, and falsely represented that the package contained papers of the value of $10,000; that the conspirators intended, by the preparation of such package, and its delivery to the express company, that the contents of the package, while in possession of the company, should become sufficiently dry to ignite, burn and destroy the package, and to claim to have been damaged in the sum of $10,000, and fraudulently and unlawfully to make demand upon the company therefor, and cheat and defraud the latter by obtaining money from such company by virtue of such false pretenses.

The only error assigned is upon the overruling of the motion for a new trial.

1. The questions sought to be presented arise upon alleged error in refusing the peremptory challenge of a juror on his voir dire, and in giving instructions. The evidence is not in the record. A bill of exceptions discloses that in impaneling the jury, when the jury had been passed back to the defendant’s counsel for. reexamination for the third time, and defendant had used but three peremptory challenges, being entitled to ten, the defendant peremptorily challenged a juror who had been in the jury box from the time the impaneling of the jury began, and the challenge was disallowed, “for the reason that, under a rule of said court, which had been in existence for many years, the defendant’s peremptory challenge was made too late,” said rule was stated by the court at the time as follows: “That each side, the defendant and the State, is entitled to examine each juror twice, and challenge, if desired, but cannot challenge a juror after the jury has been passed twice with each juror in the box. Said rule is an oral rule, and is not entered in the records of the court, but has been regularly enforced for many years.” It is further recited that the defendant and his attorney, at the time of the challenge, did not know of the rule, but they did not inform the court on being advised of such rule that either or both of them were ignorant of it, and did not ask that it be suspended, nor that an exception be made to its enforcement, on account of such ignorance. We think it quite clear that there can properly be no such thing as an oral rule of a court. Rules of court, when legally adopted and promulgated, have the effect of positive laws. §1443 Burns 1908, §1323 R. S. 1881; Magnuson v. Billings (1899), 152 Ind. 177; State v. VanCleave (1902), 157 Ind. 608; Smith v. State, ex rel. (1894), 137 Ind. 198; 11 Cyc., 742.

They ought not only to be formally promulgated, but they should be definitely stated, which could not be true of a practice reposing solely in the breast of a judge. They should be published and made known in some permanent form, so that they might be known to all. The so-called rule was clearly not a rule at all, and binding upon no one— clearly not upon one who has no notice of it. The statutory provision (§2099 Burns 1908, Acts 1905, pp. 584, 634, §228) is as follows: “In prosecutions for capital offenses, the defendant may challenge, peremptorily, twenty jurors; in prosecutions for offenses punishable by imprisonment in the state prison, ten jurors; in other prosecutions, three jurors. When several defendants are tried together, they must join in their challenges.”

2. Irrespective of the so-called rule, was appellant denied a statutory right ? No provision is made by statute nor by rule as to how or when the right shall be exercised, and it is claimed by appellant that it may be done at any time until the jury is sworn. In some jurisdictions the passing of a juror after he has been examined, tendered to and accepted by the other party, is a waiver of the right to challenge. In others, the right to challenge is in the sound discretion of the court. In others, a party who accepts a juror with knowledge of an objection waives the objection, but if a cause of objection is afterward discovered it is not waived, unless he is guilty of negligence in not discovering the objection. 24 Cyc., 322, 323. There is no showing made that appellant did not know from the beginning the grounds for the peremptory challenge, and he stands here upon the bare proposition that he was entitled to the challenge in any event, without offering any excuse to the court, or making any request for exemption or relief from the local practice. Had any request for exemption upon the ground that the so-called rule was void, or that the appellant or his counsel had no knowledge of it, been made, or if any reason were shown why the juror twice passed by appellant as satisfactory had been discovered to be unacceptable, a different question would be presented, for, independently of the so-called rule, appellant shows no ground for relief from his own act and acquiescence.

3. We think it cannot be said that the right of challenge is denied where it is restricted to a defined number of opportunities for challenge, nor that there must be a definite rule fixing the time when, or the manner in which, it must be exercised, for we think it may be controlled either by a fixed rule, or by any reasonable limitation imposed in any specific case, so long as the right of peremptory challenge is not taken away; in other words, that, when reasonable opportunity is given to challenge, the spirit of the statute is complied with, and that it does not mean that the right is an open one at all times until the jury is sworn, irrespective of all else; that there is no good reason why there may be speculation as to what the opposite party may do, and the jury passed backward and forward to await the action of the adversary; that the statute means that when the jury is passed to a party he must challenge peremptorily if he would challenge, in the absence of an after-arising condition, and that, when the opportunity was twice given, as here, and not exercised, a party cannot complain, unless new conditions arise, calling for an exception to, or relaxation of, the practice or the order in the particular case, and that if a given practice, not rising to the dignity of a rule, is invoked, as here, one to be exempt from its operation, on account of his ignorance of it, must seasonably apply to be relieved from its operation. At common law no challenge to the array or panel could be made until the full jury was present. 1 Ch'itty, Crim. Law (4th Am. ed.), *544. Our statute (§2101 Burns 1908, Acts 1905, pp. 584, 634, §230) was evidently adopted with this practice in mind, and the right to challenge contemplated the right to challenge as the panel thus full stood, or as it might stand, and not that the right should be one arising out of indefinitely passing the jury as acceptable.

2. In Ward v. Charlestown City R. Co. (1883), 19 S. C. 521, 45 Am. Rep. 794, after a plaintiff had announced that she had no objection to the jury, the defendant challenged two jurors, and plaintiff then claimed the right of peremptory challenge. The court said: “There was no denial on the part of the court; on the contrary the right was tendered to her at the proper time, and having waived the exercise of it then, for the reasons given by the circuit judge, we think it was too late to demand it after the defendant had exercised his right.” It is said in Mayers v. Smith (1887), 121 Ill. 442, 448, 13 N. E. 216: “Under the practice at common law, no such case would arise as is here presented, of a party reserving his power of peremptory challenge until after he had examined and passed upon the whole twelve jurors, or eight of them, for causes of challenge, and then to claim, the exercise of such right of peremptory challenge as to jurors who had previously been passed upon and accepted, for the reason that the practice there was to require each juror to be sworn when his examination was completed.”

In State v. Potter (1846), 18 Conn. 166, a talesman was called and examined by the counsel for defendant as to his bias, or for cause of challenge, and no objection appearing the court informed defendant’s counsel that they could challenge him peremptorily. They declined to exercise-the right at that time, as the panel was not full, and after it was full they challenged the juror peremptorily, and the court inquired whether any cause then existed which did not exist -when they first declined the right. They answered in the negative, and the court held that the challenge came too late, and this ruling was upheld. The reasoning, which is pertinent here, is as follows: “Again, it is said, the prisoner has been deprived of a right to a peremptory challenge, which he was entitled to. It is not denied that time and opportunity were given to the prisoner to challenge a juror; but it is claimed, that he had not all the time the lav/ allows him. Dickerman, a talesman, had been examined, and there was no cause of challenge known against him. The court then told the counsel, if they intended a peremptory challenge, they must make it at that time. They then had a reasonable opportunity to make their challenge; but they claim they may make it at their own time, provided it is done before the jurors are sworn. The statute, it is said, gives them power to challenge peremptorily twenty jurors summoned and impaneled,—and much criticism has been had upon the word ‘impaneled.’ It is claimed, that it means the jury sworn to try the cause; and that until sworn, they are not impaneled. * * * But it is said, that by the English practice, the party has a right to challenge until the jury is sworn. There, each juror is sworn, as soon as he has been examined and opportunity given for challenge. By our practice, jurors are none of them sworn until all have been examined, and an opportunity offered for challenge.”

Under the statute of Arkansas, the state in criminal cases is required to exhaust its challenges before passing a jury to the defendant, and it was held that when the state had passed a jury to the defendant it was error to permit a peremptory challenge by the state. Williams v. State (1897), 63 Ark. 527, 39 S. W. 709.

Where, upon impaneling a jury, the judge announced that he would require the defendant to make his challenges as he desired, to each juror as called, it was held not error to refuse a peremptory challenge after the juror was sworn and accepted, and it was held that, when there was a fair opportunity to interpose a peremptory challenge, the defendant cannot complain of a refusal to be allowed the further exercise of the right. People v. Carpenter (1886), 102 N. Y. 238, 6 N. E. 584.

We are not unaware that in the earlier cases in this State and in other states it is held that the right of challenge continues up to the swearing of the jury, but we are unable to perceive that any substantial right of a defendant is invaded when an opportunity for challenge of the full number is afforded and it is not availed of up to the time the jury is sworn. The object to be attained is an impartial jury, and while the right of peremptory challenge is an absolute one, it is not, we think, so far so that it may be exorcised under all conditions. If, by the introduction of new men upon the panel, a cause for challenge should arise— such as the coming on of a person at such enmity to one already passed that they could not work in harmony, or the introduction of anything which might prejudice the right of a defendant—he would have a clear right to exercise his preference, and challenge the man already acceptable, rather than the new man, and the right would thus be preserved until the full panel is complete and the jury sworn. He has a right to a full panel to begin with, the right of canvass and comparison among jurors, and if his full right of challenge is preserved, within the line here indicated, it is practically a right of peremptory challenge until the jury is sworn, but it does not follow that the opportunity must be open under all circumstances or conditions, for it is a right which may be waived. Neither do we understand that the rule here declared is in conflict with the earlier holdings of the court, which upon examination are found to be general declarations as to the right of peremptory challenge extending until the jury is sworn, and did not involve any question of practice as to the mode of conducting the impaneling of juries, and of exercising the right of challenge, or of the right and power of courts to direct the manner of its exercise.

4. 5. 6. Complaint is made of the giving of instruction two. No question as to the giving of the instruction was presented by the motion for a new trial. Objection is also made to instructions ten and eleven. There was no request for written instructions, and there is no showing that the instructions set out were all the instructions given -in the cause, and without the evidence we cannot disturb the judgment on account of those instructions, unless they were irrelevant and incorrect upon any supposable state of facts given in evidence. Neither of the instructions is set out in appellant’s brief, as required by the rule of this court, but we have examined them from the record. Instruction ten is quite as favorable to appellant as he could ash. The objection made to it is that it uses the expression, “and that phosphorus is a substance that when exposed to air will begin to burn. ” It will readily be discerned that it would have been proper to show by evidence the nature and properties of phosphorus.

As to instruction eleven, certain language is referred to which the instruction does not contain. Counsel probably refers to instruction ten, and objects that it does not use the word “friction” in connection with the words “exposed to air,” as a cause for ignition. We cannot know what the evidence was on the subject. No reversible error is shown, and the judgment is affirmed.