143 Ga. 552 | Ga. | 1915
At the time when a case in a justice’s court came on for trial, the weather was cold and no provision had been made for heating the lawfully appointed place for holding court. By agreement court was held in a house in the same town, about fifty yards from the regular place for holding court. From the verdict a certiorari was sued out. No point was raised as to the place where the justice’s court was held. On the 'hearing a judgment was rendered, declaring that the certiorari was “refused,” and a judgment was entered on the certiorari bond. A fi. fa. was issued and levied, and an affidavit of illegality was interposed on the ground that the judgment rendered in the justice’s court was void and that the judgment rendered in the certiorari proceeding was also void. The court dismissed the illegality, and the defendant in fi. fa. excepted.
The constitution declares that justice’s courts shall sit at fixed times and places. Const, art. 6, sec. 7, par. 2 (Civil Code (1910), § 6524). By section 4705 of the Civil Code it is declared that “All judgments of such justices rendered, in any civil cause, anywhere else than at the place for holding their courts lawfully appointed are void.” No provision is made for holding such courts by agreement at other places than those fixed by law. Accordingly, the trial and verdict in this case were not merely irregular, but, by the positive terms of the statute, were void. It has been declared that the writ of certiorari will not lie to set aside a verdict or judgment which is not merely irregular but absolutely void. Levadas v. Beach, 117 Ga. 178 (43 S. E. 418). If this remedy could not be used, the overruling of the certiorari could not conclude the defendant on this point. If the question were one which could and should have been raised by certiorari, but this was not done, the decision might be different. If the judgment was void, and the ruling on the certiorari did not and could not make it valid by waiver or estoppel, it follows that such void judgment could be attacked by an affidavit of illegality. Hilson v. Kitchens, 107 Ga. 230 (2), 233 (33 S. E. 71, 73 Am. St. R. 119).
The decisions are not uniform as to whether a void judgment can he set aside by certiorari; and the rulings of this court are not in entire harmony on the subject. In Brown v. Brown, 99 Ga. 168 (25 S. E. 95), a distress warrant was issued and levied. No counter-affidavit was interposed. Nevertheless the magistrate tried the question of liability, and from his judgment an appeal was taken to a jury in that court, and a verdict was rendered. It was held by two Justices (when this court was composed of three Justices), that, “the' whole proceeding being coram non judice, the verdict rendered on appeal in the plaintiff’s favor could not be reviewed by certiorari.” In Mathis v. Bagwell, 101 Ga. 167 (28 S. E. 638), an affidavit of illegality was interposed to the levy of an execution issued in a justice’s court. Among other grounds of illegality1', it was set up that the judgment was not rendered at the regular court ground or on the regular court day. The presiding judge sustained the certiorari and ordered a new trial. This judgment was affirmed. It was said that whether the judgment was rendered on a regular court day, or at a place other than the court ground, involved questions of fact; and that the judge, being doubt'ful, did not err in directing a new trial to be had. In the case before us there is no dispute as to facts, and the question is one of law. In Hilson v. Kitchens, 107 Ga. 230 (2), supra, it was held that a judgment purporting to have been rendered by a justice’s court was void when it affirmatively appeared that the court was held at a place where' it could not lawfully sit. In that case an execution issuing from a justice’s court was levied, and an affidavit of illegality was filed. The case was carried to the superior court
It would seem that this rule has become too firmly fixed to be disregarded, at least without a review of the decisions in the manner pointed out in the statute. Speaking for myself, I think the rule is not sound. If there is no court at all,'the attempt to make a ruling is a mere assumption of authority. But if there is a court with a case before it, I have never, appreciated the force of the reasoning by which, it is held that, if the judgment is wrong, the litigant against whom it is pronounced may have it reversed by certiorari, but that, if it is so wrong as to be void, the litigant can not get rid of it by that means, — in other words, that there is an inverse ratio between the degree of the wrong and the right to correct it. One of the functions of the common-law writ of certiorari was to pass upon the question of the jurisdiction of an inferior court. Harris on Certiorari, § 45; 2 Burr. 1042. It is declared in the constitution of the State that the superior courts
Judgment reversed.