Pamela McDONALD; Kanya Coleman, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. COLDWELL BANKER, Coldwell Banker Real Estate Corporation First Shasta Realty; Thomas Gallagher; Richard Mattioli, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 06-16563.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Filed Sept. 10, 2008.
536 F.3d 498
Argued and Submitted May 15, 2008.
Malcom Sher, Sher & Minnard LLP, Walnut Creek, CA, and John A. Schwimmer, Sussman Shank LLP, Portland, OR, argued the cause for the defendants-appellees and filed briefs; Carla V. Minnard, Sher & Minnard LLP, Walnut Creek, CA, was on the First Shasta, Gallagher & Mattioli brief.
Before: DIARMUID F. O‘SCANNLAIN and HAWKINS, Circuit Judges, and JAMES V. SELNA,* District Judge.
Opinion by Judge O‘SCANNLAIN; Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge HAWKINS.
We must decide whether a potential home buyer has established a prima facie claim for discrimination against the seller‘s listing agents, under various federal and state statutes, for a rejected offer where she and they were of different races.
I
Pamela McDonald, an African-American, sought to buy a house in the Shasta-Redding, California area for herself and her children in 2002. Her real estate agent Kanya Coleman, also an African-American, contacted First Shasta Real Estate (“First Shasta“), a franchisee of Coldwell Banker Real Estate (“Coldwell“), and spoke with First Shasta agent Tom Gallagher, a Caucasian, over the phone. They planned to meet to view homes for sale. Prior to the meeting with Gallagher, Coleman prepared a pre-approval letter on her stationery confirming that McDonald qualified for a real estate loan of up to $180,000. The approval was “subject to an acceptable appraisal at or above the purchase price....” McDonald‘s monthly income was approximately $3,000 and she had сash on hand in the amount of $20,000.
On August 2, 2002, Coleman and McDonald met with Gallagher for the first time. According to both Coleman and McDonald, Gallagher did not express the same enthusiasm he had when speaking to Coleman on the phone. Gallagher showed McDonald a number of listings, including the 2075 Galaxy Way property at issue in this case. After viewing that house, Coleman and McDonald claim that Gallagher offered to show them additional properties that he believed might be more “suitable” for McDonald and her family, but the properties were “less upscale.” However, it is undisputed that Coleman, alone, picked out the houses McDonald looked at.
McDonald particularly liked the Galaxy Way property, which had been listed for sale at $139,000 for over six weeks and Coleman drew up an offer. Coleman told Gallagher and his broker, Richard Mattioli, also Caucasian, that her client needed to finance one hundred percent of the purchase price, but in return she was willing to offer more money than the seller was asking. McDonald tendered a $1,000 good faith deposit.
While Coleman was drafting the offer McDonald claims that Gallagher, noting her use of a walking cane, inquired about how she “became disabled” and the demographics of where she lived.
McDonald‘s initial offer on the property was for a purchase price of $153,890, of which $138,501 would be paid directly to Moore (funded by a pre-approved loan and a $1,000 deposit by McDonald) and $15,389 would be carried by Moore (secured by a second deed of trust). The offer provided that McDonald would receive a $4,500 credit at closing. Gallagher and Mattioli experienced doubts abоut the proposal. They had not done seller carrybacks for years and felt it was not necessary in their market.1 They decided to talk it over with the seller‘s agent, David Woodfill, a Caucasian, to see if he thought the offer was worth presenting to his client, Glenn Moore, a Caucasian, the owner and seller of the Galaxy Way property. Woodfill said Moore wanted all cash and was not interested in “carrying paper.” Both Woodfill and Moore were also concerned that the McDonald offer would not close
McDonald filed a complaint against Gallagher, Mattioli, Shasta and Coldwell Banker (collectively “listing agents“), but not against Woodfill or Moore himself, with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing (“DFEH“), which found no evidence of discrimination. Its letter of July 2004 stated:
“Based on the evidence obtained during the investigation, the DFEH has determined that reasonable cause does not exist to believe that a discriminatory housing practice has occurred.”
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD“) through its Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity, adopted the decision of the DFEH and notified McDonald that under the provisions of the federal Fair Housing Act, she had two years after the occurrence or termination of the alleged discriminatory housing practice to file suit in federal court. This time limit was tolled during HUD‘s investigation.
McDonald filed her federal lawsuit against the listing agents for housing discrimination on the basis of race and disability.2 She asserted claims under California‘s Fair Employment and Housing Act (“FEHA“), California‘s Unruh Act (“Unruh Aсt“), and the federal Fair Housing Act (“FHA“). Coleman, as McDonald‘s real estate agent, sued the listing agents under
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the listing agents on all the claims.
II
A
A prima facie case is established under the FEHA where the plaintiff shows that she is a member of a protected class, that she applied and was qualified for a housing accommodation, was denied such housing accommodation, and that similarly situated individuals not in a protected class applied for and obtained housing, or if “[she] provide[s] other circumstantial evidence of discriminatory motive in refusing her the housing accommodation.” Dep‘t of Fair Employment & Hous. v. Superior Court, 99 Cal. App. 4th 896, 902, 121 Cal. Rptr. 2d 615 (Ct. App. 2002) (citing Gamble v. City of Escondido, 104 F.3d 300, 304-05 (9th Cir. 1997)). A “qualified” purchaser is one who meets the terms of the seller. See Mitchell v. Shane, 350 F.3d 39, 47-48 (2d Cir. 2003).
In Mitchell, the potential buyer made an offer that required 90 percent financing, which the seller rejected, expressing a desire to have at most 80 percent financing. Id. at 48. In response, the potential buyer dropped the financing to 80 percent. Therefore, because the potential buyer
Here, the undisputed fact is that the seller refused to engage in a seller carryback provision. Indeed, the basis of this refusal was communicated to Coleman, who nevertheless transmitted the offer in writing, unchanged, to the seller‘s agent, Woodfill. Because neither Coleman nor McDonald attempted to meet the terms of the seller, they cannot be considered “qualified” for purposes of establishing a prima facie case. Moreover, because the McDonald offer included a seller carryback provision notwithstanding a purchase price ten percent above the list price, she cannot say that she was “similarly situated” to the person who eventually purchased the house for just under the list price amount. In other words, Coleman and McDonald have not produced any evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether or not they met the terms of the seller or whether the terms were similar to those met by the ultimate buyer.3
Despite not being similarly situated to the ultimate buyer, McDonald could also try to establish that there is “circumstantial evidence of discriminatory motive in refusing her the housing accommodation.” Dep‘t of Fair Employment & Hous., 99 Cal. App. 4th at 902, 121 Cal. Rptr. 2d 615. A discriminatory motive under the FEHA has been defined as something that “moves the will and induces action.” Caldwell v. Paramount Unified Sch. Dist., 41 Cal. App. 4th 189, 199, 48 Cal. Rptr. 2d 448 (Ct. App. 1995).
However, despite allegations of awkwardness or lack of enthusiasm, neither Coleman nor McDonald has produced any evidence that Gallagher or Mattioli disparaged Coleman or McDonald on account of their race or that Gallagher or Mattioli treated only African-American or disabled individuals the way they treated McDonald. Most significantly, there has been no evidence presented by either Coleman or McDonald that the ultimate buyer in this case was aided by or was a customer of Gallagher or Mattioli. In other words, there is no evidence that any of the listing agents acted with the intent to secure the purchase of the house by a person who is of a different race than McDonald.4
Because Coleman and McDonald have failed to produce any evidence establishing that McDonald was “qualified,” “similarly situated” or that Gallagher or
B
With respect to the FHA claim, the standard of proof and analysis applied in a disparate treatment case are the same as those applied in a FEHA case.7 See Gamble, 104 F.3d at 305. The plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case by showing: (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she applied for a house and was qualified to buy it; (3) the home sale was denied despite her being qualified; and (4) defendant approved a home sale for a similarly situated party during a рeriod relatively near the time plaintiff was denied the house. Id.
For the reasons discussed in the FEHA claim analysis (1) McDonald was not a qualified buyer within the meaning of the FHA; and (2) McDonald was not similarly situated to the party who purchased the home. Thus, McDonald failed to establish a prima facie FHA claim.
C
Coleman‘s unfair competition claim is based on
An unfair business practice is one that either “offends an established public policy” or is “immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous or substantially injurious to consumers.” People v. Casa Blanca Convalescent Homes, Inc., 159 Cal. App. 3d 509, 530, 206 Cal. Rptr. 164 (Ct. App. 1984), abrogated on other grounds Cel-Tech Commc‘ns, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal. 4th 163, 186-87 & n. 12, 83 Cal. Rptr. 2d 548, 973 P.2d 527 (1999).
Coleman mainly rests her § 17200 claim on alleged discrimination by Gallagher and Mattioli; however, as mentioned above, there is no evidence which would allow a reasonable jury to return a verdict in her favor. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Furthermore, despite Coleman and McDonald‘s characterization of the listing agents’ actiоns, they offer no factual evidence upon which a reasonable jury could return a verdict for them finding that a failure physically to convey McDonald‘s offer was “immoral, unethical, oppressive or unscrupulous.” Casa Blanca Convalescent Homes, Inc., 159 Cal. App. 3d at 530, 206 Cal. Rptr. 164.
D
Finally, we turn to the question of whether Coldwell Banker can be held liable under a principal/agent theory.
Generally, a finding of vicarious liability is determined by traditional common law principles. Meyer v. Holley, 537 U.S. 280, 282 (2003). Because there is no evidence of illegal conduct on the part of Gallagher, Mattioli or First Shasta, there is no conduct for whiсh Coldwell could be held vicariously liable.
III
The district court‘s grant of summary judgment in favor of the listing agents on all claims is
AFFIRMED.
MICHAEL DALY HAWKINS, Circuit Judge, concurring in part, and dissenting in part:
Pamela McDonald (“McDonald“), an African-American woman seeking to relocate to a predominately white community in another city, asks Kanya Coleman (“Coleman“), her African-American real estate agent, to present an offer on a residential property for sale in that community. Coleman testified, and defendants do not suggest otherwise, that McDonald was pre-apprоved for $180,000 financing. Indeed, McDonald had a steady income of $3,000 per month, in addition to $20,000 in additional funds on hand. Working through a real estate agency in the community where the property is located, they present an offer. The offer is above the asking price, but contains a condition common to residential real estate transactions: that the bulk of the purchase price be funded with a pre-approved mortgage and the remainder with a comparatively small carry-back loan from the seller to the buyer.
The seller, aрparently thinking that the carry-back condition requires him to pay the buyer money, declines the offer. The local agents never explain to the seller or his agent that the carry-back is in fact additional money to be paid to him over time, with market rate interest and secured by the property itself. Instead,
The majority looks at these facts and concludes it was appropriate to award the local agents summary judgment on the grounds that McDonald was not a “qualified buyer” because she refused to “meet the seller‘s terms.” While my reading of the record is quite different with respect to such matters as the actual terms of McDonald‘s offer, the seller‘s terms, and McDonald‘s efforts to adjust her offer, these are fact intensive questions that are wholly inappropriate for resolution on summary judgment. McDonald is entitled to a jury trial to determine whether the actions of the local agents were the result of discriminatory motives or mere bumbling miscommunication.
In reviewing a summary judgment grant, our task is to “view the evidence ... in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that party,” Bank of New York v. Fremont General Corp., 523 F.3d 902, 909 (9th Cir. 2008), and then decide whether a “genuine issue as to any material fact” precludes summary judgment. Porter v. California Dep‘t of Corr., 419 F.3d 885, 891 (9th Cir. 2005). Contrary to this duty, the majority has drawn numerous inferences in favor of the defendants, and has recast disputed material facts as “undisputed.”
The majority first fails to recognize that McDonald‘s offer is at least equivalent to the ultimate purchase price. In fact, her offer amounted to at least $138,501 upfront, minus only the closing costs.1 Donoghue, the ultimate buyer, prepared an initial offer of $134,000, minus 50% of the closing costs. Donoghue ultimately purchased the property for $138,000 (again, minus the seller‘s 50% share of the closing costs). However one slices it, McDonald‘s offer surpassed Donoghue‘s first offer and was at least equivalent to the ultimate selling price. The alleged defect in the McDonald offer is that the offer included an additional amount over the $138,501: a “carryback” of $15,389, which McDonald proposed would be carried by the seller and secured by a second deed of trust.2 But even if we assume that the seller was completely unwilling to do any financing, McDonald‘s offer was still equivalent to the ultimate selling price.
In concluding that the seller “refused to engage in a seller carryback provision,” the majority contradicts the seller‘s own testimony. In fact, the seller‘s “refusal” to accept a carryback was based on his misunderstanding of what was on the table. The seller apparently believed that the $15,389 carryback was to be deducted from the $138,501 rather than added to it, and he was not interested in doing that:
My understanding was, that we got a full asking price, and $15,000 had to be carried back out of that amount. I was not told 153 and 15 out of that; so I don‘t know what that‘s going to do to the case, but that—I mean I‘m not stupid. If I get my money, plus 15,000 in payments ... I remember full price, 15 carry back. That‘s all he said, and I said no. I can‘t afford to take 15 back.
In response to a deposition question describing the essentials of the McDonald offer,3 the seller testified that he would have considered such an offer both reasonable and acceptable, and would have wanted to follow up on it. Coleman stated that when she called the seller‘s agent and described the McDonald offer, he was puzzled why such a good offer was not submitted to the seller.
Viewing this evidence, as we must, in the light most favorable to McDonald and Coleman, the seller did not “refuse[] to engage in a seller carryback provision,” but rathеr was simply confused as to its meaning. The evidence suggests that, had the seller understood that the “carryback” was $15,389 above and beyond the $138,501 cash portion of the offer, he would have considered the offer.
Even if the seller did have some aversion to receiving an additional $15,389 through a carryback, there is no evidence that Coleman and McDonald failed to “attempt[] to meet” such a term. In fact, Coleman testified that she tried to speak to local agent Mattioli about submitting a revised offer but he became “hostile.”4
In addition, Woоdfill, the seller‘s agent, testified that he doesn‘t recall local agent Gallagher going over the terms of McDonald‘s offer with him, but received a call from First Shasta (Gallagher‘s and Mattioli‘s office) that the offer had been withdrawn. Coleman in fact later submitted a written copy of the offer to Woodfill, but this was after Woodfill was told that the offer had been withdrawn. Woodfill testified that it would not have been his policy to resurrect an offer that was being withdrawn.
There is no evidence in the record that either McDonald or Coleman ever authorized defendаnts to withdraw the offer or that defendants ever advised McDonald or Coleman to make a revised offer. Nor is there anything in the record to suggest McDonald would have been unwilling to remove the carry-back portion of her offer—there is no reason that she would insist on taking out a $15,389 loan from the seller if she were aware that the seller would be content to accept only the $138,000 up front. There is no indication
In spite of this record, the majority manages to conclude that “Coleman and McDonald have not produced any evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether or not they met the terms of the seller or that they were similarly situated to the ultimate buyer.” Summary judgment review does not permit us to pick and choose facts. The facts of record are clear: McDonald produced a wealth of evidence, including McDоnald‘s written offer, Donoghue‘s first and second offers, Coleman‘s testimony, Woodfill‘s testimony, and the seller‘s testimony—all of which tend to show that McDonald was both willing and able to make an acceptable offer.
Having produced that evidence, plaintiffs established a prima facie case, since it is undisputed that Coleman and McDonald are members of a protected class and Donoghue, the ultimate buyer, is not. All that is necessary at this stage of the litigation is that McDonald demonstrate that she is a qualified buyer who was treated differently from a non-minority buyer. This she has done.5 Because plaintiffs established a prima facie case under FEHA, their unfair competition claim also survives summary judgment, since
Today the majority holds that the evidence McDonald and Coleman produced is insufficient as a matter of law to establish a prima facie case under FEHA. The unfortunate result is that a minority buyer who produces both documentary evidence and record testimony that her offer was equivalent to a non-minority buyer‘s offer can still be denied access to the trier of fact. If this evidence is insufficient, it is difficult to see what would be sufficient, short of a defendant‘s under-oath admission that the plaintiff was qualified and was nevertheless purposefully discriminated against. No defendant will ever make such an admission—which is precisely why the prima facie burden-shifting framework exists. The troubling and hard to explain result here is certain to leave many minority buyers without a remedy.