87 N.C. 404 | N.C. | 1882
Lead Opinion
We are asked to re-consider the decision rendered in this cause at October session, 1881, (85 N. C., 248) and our attention is called to"the effect of the partial payment made on May 9th, 1871, and within the ten years preceding the application for leave to issue execution, in removing the bar of the statute of limitations relied on as a defence.
Under the former system, there was no period prescribed within which actions must be brought on judgments rendered, except those before a justice of the peace, or on sealed obligations other than official bonds, and the lapse of time only raised a presumption of payment, shortened by statute to ten years after the cause of action accrued, and this was open to disproof before the jury. Consequently a recognition of the debt, as subsisting, by making a payment upon it, a most unequivocal acknowledgment of the obligation, was held to rebut the presumption of payment and entitle the plaintiff to recover.
Judgments and contracts under seal under the superseding statute are now subject to limitations, and actions to
There is therefore no analogy which makes the decisions under the former precedents applicable to the present law, inasmuch as they relate entirely to rules of evidence and not to the removal of a statutory bar where the action is upon a bond or judgment. A payment of part of a debt resting upon a promise has the same effect in continuing ór reviving it, as a new promise itself; and the'very act is deemed a promise to pay the residue. Its effect is to revive and continue in force the antecedent liability when the promise is of the same nature as that to be revived, and the declaration is upon the original cause of action, the plea of the statute being neutralized and put out of the way by the new acknowledgment.
" Nothing is plainer,” remarks Ruffin, C. J., “ than that making a payment on a note- repels the statute. It is assuming the balance anew.” Walton v. Robinson, 5 Ired., 341. And a promise after suit brought repels the statute and sustains the action, as is decided in Falls v. Sherill, 2 Dev. & Bat., 371. The subject has been so recently considered that it is needless to pursue the discussion further. Hewlett v. Schenck, 82 N. C., 234; Green v. Greensboro College, 83 N. C., 449.
In enacting the substituted statute which after a fixed time bars the cause of action itself, and does not, as before, obstruct the remedy merely, it is provided (0. 0. P., § 51) that “ no acknowledgment or promise shall be received as evidence of a new or continuing contract whereby to take • the case out of the operation of this title, unless the same be contained in some writing, signed by the party to be charged thereby. But this section shall not alter the effect of any payment of principal on interest.” The section confines the new written acknowledgment or promise to actions on contract, and its force is spent in removing the bar
The sole remaining inquiry then is, whether in the sense of the act a judgment can be deemed a contract and sued on as such, whether recovered upon a contract or for a tort.
There have been several adjudications that an action for a penalty,being in the former pleading classed with actions ex contractu as distinguished from those ex delido, may be maintained before a justice of the peace, whose jurisdiction was restrained under the constitution to actions on contract, until amended, and then to a limited amount, Town of Edenton v. Wool, 65 N. C., 379; Katzenstein v. R. & G. R. R. Co., 84 N. C., 688.
These adjudications do not determine the sense in which the word used in the statute is intended to be understood, and we think a cause of action on contract or tort, loses its identity when merged in a judgment, and thereafter a new cause of action arises out of the judgment whenever it becomes necessary to enforces the obligation by suit. The liability of the debtor no longer rests upon his voluntary agreement, but upon the adjudication of the court into which the former has passed; and while the indebtedness thus established, when the enforcement of the judgment is obstructed by the statutory bar, may constitute the
The distinction between judgments and contracts as separate and independent causes of action, to which different periods of limitation are assigned, is marked and manifest throughout the present, as it was in the former acts of limitation. Thus the period of ten years is fixed within which actions must be brought on judgments other than those of a justice of the peace, and seven years for the latter; and again, leave must be obtained upon the first class of judgments before the action can be begun ; while varying times are prescribed within which suit must be brought upon the different forms of contract, and against different parties liable thereon.
But the very point came before the supreme court of Kentucky and was determined in Dudley v. Lindsey, B. Mon., 486. There, an action of debt was brought on a judgment recovered in the circuit court of the United States in the state of Mississippi, to which was pleaded nul tiel record and the statute of limitations. The plaintiff demurred to the latter plea. The statute on which the defendant relied, declares “ that all actions of debt grounded upon any lending or contract without specialty, and all actions of debt for ar-rearages of rent, shall be commenced and sued within five years,” and it was contended that a debt due by judgment is founded-upon contract,and that,as the statute contains a sin-gleexception and that in the case of specialties, the limitation applies to all other contracts, embracing a debt due by judgment. The court say: “A judgment for money is not strictly a contract, but it imposes a civil liability and is a more conclusive evidence of indebtedness than a contract by specialty; and therefore an action upon it is not embraced by the statute of limitations.”
A judgment is not an agreement, contract or promise in writ
As then an unequivocal acknowledgment or promise in writing will not remove the statutory obstruction to the enforcement of a judgment by a new action, because it is not a contract within the meaning of the act, nor can a partial payment which implies such promise have greater effect than an express promise, the present proceeding whose purpose is to obtain an order for leave to issue execution upon the doi'mant judgment, must also be ineffectual. The case is one referring solely to a defence under the statute of limitations, not one raising a presumption capable of being rebutted, and therefore must be decided upon the principles involved in former adjudications. We must therefore affirm the judgment, and it is so ordered.
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting. It devolved upon me when this cause was first before the court, to prepare the opinion which is now the subject of review. I am very sure that at that time no one partook of more confidence in the correctness of the conclusion, then arrived at by the whole court, than myself; and I much wish I could concur with my associates in still thinking it to be correct. But the fact is otherwise, and it is but candid in me to say so. Not that my opinion of the law governing the case has undergone a change, but that I failed to impute to the fact that there had been a payment made upon the judgment, that significance which I think it deserves, and which I should then have given to it, if I had correctly apprehended its nature.
In investigating the case, which I endeavored to do thoroughly, it did not escape methat there had been a payment made; but, somehow from the fact of its being on a judgment, I received the impression that it had been involuntarily made, under execution, and could not therefore affect
It turns out, however, to have been voluntarily made, and the question is, whether as such, it has the effect to repel the statute of limitations by virtue of the provision contained in section 51 of the Code, the words of which are correctly cited in the opinion of the Chief Justice. My brethren think it does not, while I think it was intended that it should do so.
I do not regard it as absolutely essential to the successful maintenance of my view of the case, that I should be able to establish the proposition that, as ordinarily understood, a judgment is a contract. Though, as to that matter, notwithstanding some apparent conflict amongst them, I conceive the weight of the authorities, as well as the reason of the law, to be with me.
Both Parson and Chitty, in their works upon Contracts, speak of judgments as coming within the very definition of the term “ contract.” In the former it is said, that “ contracts by specialties are of two sorts — contracts under seal; and contracts of record, such as judgments,” fyc.; and in the latter, that “ contracts, or obligations ex contractu, are of two descriptions, and may be classed with reference to their respective degrees of superiority, as follows : Contracts of record, consisting of judgments,” &c.
In Stuart v. Landers, 16 Cal., 373, the supreme court of that state held, that, under a statute which gave to justices of the peace a jurisdiction over contracts for limited amounts, they had jurisdiction over actions brought upon judgments falling within the amount, and their decision was put expressly upon the ground that a judgment was a contract. And so under our constitution and statute, giving to them the exclusive original jurisdiction of all actions founded on contract, wherein the sum demanded does not exceed two hundred dollars, the justices’ courts have uniformly enter
I am very well aware that there is a series of cases in which it has been held that judgments did not come within the meaning of the statutes, which prescribed a period of limitation to “ actions upon contracts ” merely. But as I catch their import, they proceed, not upon the ground that a judgment is not a contract, but that it is not one in the ordinary acceptation of that term ; and as every statute of limitation is in restraint of rigbt, the courts construe them strictly, and will give them no effect beyond that which the plain-and ordinary signification of their words requires.
Such certainly is the ground-work of the decision in Pease v. Howard, 14 John., 479, which, though not referred to in the opinion of the court, is exactly parallel with the case cited from the Kentucky reports.
This seems to me to be the true ground and one upon which all the cases, though apparently in conflict, may be reconciled. A statute so entirely in derogation of common right as is the statute of limitations, should he strictly construed, and under it a judgment should not be treated as a contract, because it does not come within the necessity of that term. But a statute, such as we are now considering, which dispenses with the limitation imposed upon actions, and is in furtherance of common right, should be so interpreted by the courts, as to give the benefit of its relief to every person and subject, coming within its spirit and the mischief it was intended to remedy.
As I view the case before us, it is not so much a question as to the bare meaning of words, as it is one of intention. And conceding that ordinarily the term “contract” as used in a statute would not apply to a judgment, I still think
In construing a statute, the great rule of construction is to ascertain what was the intention of those using the language — to be gathered from the words themselves, taken in connection with the subject matter, and the condition of the law before its adoption.
On tracing the history of the common law in this connection, and of the legislation upon the subject, it will be seen that bonds for the payment of money only, and judgments,have invariably stood upon the same footing together. Originally, and as a bare rule of the courts, they were alike subject to a presumption of satisfaction arising from the great lapse of lime; next, by positive enactment, the period for that presumption to arise was fixed at the end of twenty years; and afterwards, by the act of 1826, at the end of ten years; and at all times and in every stage of the law, they were alike affected by a partial payment upon them, that is to say, such a payment served to rebut the presumption of satisfaction that would otherwise have arisen, as to both forms of indebtedness, and from his having paid part of the debt the courts would presume a willingness on the part of the debtor to pay the whole.
Then again, upon the adoption of the Code of Civil Procedure, the two are made to occupy their same relative positions, being both made subject to an absolute bar at the end of ten years (§ 31); and I can conceive of no reason whj after this there should be a discrimination made between thempwhereby the effect previously attributed to a payment should be preserved as to bonds, and dispensed with as to judgments — thus leaving the latter, the only form of indebtedness known to the law, as to which nothing could repel the bar of the statute.
It is said in Davidson v. Alexander, 84 N. C., 621, that the effect of the Code is such that in a great measure judgments have ceased to be the mere recorded conclusions of the courts, as to the rights of suitors before them, and are now made to perform many of the functions of mortgages, and to serve as securities for even future and contingent liabilities. Now, if this exposition of the new system be in any degree a correct one, how wide of the mark does it seem to be to say that a judgment is no longer a contract, and how unreasonable appears the supposition that the legislature intended this form of securities, thus designed to act so important a part in the business life of the country, to occupy a footing more hazardous than all others, and that as to them, there should be no stay whatever to the bar wox’ked by the statute of limitations, and this too, when at the very same time a delay in the enforcement of judgments is
Impressed with these convictions, I have allowed myself greater latitude in construing the statute, so as to attain what I conceived to be the legislative intention, than my associates seem willing to indulge in.
It may be that they are right, and very sure it is that henceforth their decision shall be the law with me, and my only object in expressing my views, at all, has been to call attention to the subject, so that, if deemed necessary, steps may be taken to make the law perfectly free from doubt, one way or the other.
Per Curiam. Affirmed.
Lead Opinion
We are asked to re-consider the decision rendered in this cause at October Session, 1881, (
Under the former system, there was no period prescribed within which actions must be brought on judgments rendered, except those before a justice of the peace, or on scaled obligations other than official bonds, and the lapse of time only raised a presumption of payment, shortened by statute to ten years after the cause of action accrued, and this was open to disproof before the jury. Consequently a recognition of the debt, as subsisting, by making a payment upon it, a most unequivocal acknowledgment of the obligation, was held to rebut the presumption of payment and entitle the plaintiff to recover. *316
Judgments and contracts under seal under the superseding statute are now subject to limitations, and actions to enforce them must (406) be brought, as in the enforcement of other causes of action, within a fixed period, or the remedy meets the bar.
There is therefore no analogy which makes the decisions under the former precedents applicable to the present law, inasmuch as they relate entirely to rules of evidence and not to the removal of a statutory bar where the action is upon a bond or judgment. A payment of part of a debt resting upon a promise has the same effect in continuing or reviving it, as a new promise itself; and the very act is deemed a promise to pay the residue. Its effect is to revive and continue in force the antecedent liability when the promise is of the same nature as that to be revived, and the declaration is upon the original cause of action, the plea of the statute being neutralized and put out of the way the new acknowledgment.
"Nothing is plainer," remarks RUFFIN, C. J., "than that making a payment on a note repels the statute. It is assuming the balance anew." Walton v.Robinson,
In enacting the substituted statute which after a fixed time bars the cause of action itself, and does not, as before, obstruct the remedy merely, it is provided (C. C. P., Sec. 51) that "no acknowledgment or promise shall be received as evidence of a new continuing contract whereby to take the case out of the operation of this title, unless the same be contained in some writing, signed by the party to be charged thereby. But this section shall not alter the effect of any payment of principal on interest." The section confines the new written acknowledgment or promise to actions on contract, and its force is spent in removal th bar and permitting a recovery on the cause of (407) action to which the defence is set up, and the concluding clause is but a qualification of what precedes, by dispensing with a writing when a payment is made, and imparting to that act the legal effect of a written promise. It is to be understood as declaring that an acknowledgment or promise in writing signed, or an actual payment by the party sued, shall be received as evidence of a new or continuing contract; and when the new promise, positive or implied, is not itself the cause of action, but is used to prove and support that to which it relates, and which would otherwise be barred, it must be confined to such as arise out of contract and none others. *317
The sole remaining inquiry then is, whether in the sense of the act a judgment can be deemed a contract and sued on as such, whether recovered upon a contract or for a tort.
There have been several adjudications that an action for a penalty, being in the former pleading classed with actions ex contractu as distinguished from those ex delicto, may be maintained before a justice of the peace, whose jurisdiction was restrained under the constitution to actions on contract, until amended, and then to a limited amount. Town ofEdenton v. Wool,
These adjudications do not determine the sense in which the word used in the statute is intended to be understood, and we think a cause of action on contract or tort loses its identity when merged in a judgment, and thereafter a new cause of action arises out of the judgment whenever it becomes necessary to enforce the obligation by suit. The liability of the debtor no longer rests upon his voluntary agreement, but upon the adjudication of the court into which the former has passed; and while the indebtedness thus established, when the enforcement of the judgment is obstructed by the statutory bar, may constitute the consideration of a subsequent promise as a new (408) cause of action, the promise itself cannot remove the legal consequences of the lapse of time upon the judgment itself.
The distinction between judgments and contracts as separate and independent causes of action, to which different periods of limitation are assigned, is marked and manifest throughout the present, as it was in the former acts of limitation. Thus the period of ten years is fixed within which actions must be brought on judgments other than those of a justice of the peace, and seven years for the latter; and again, leave must be obtained upon the first class of judgments before the action can be begun; while varying times are prescribed within which suit must be brought upon the different forms of contract, and against different parties liable thereon.
But the very point came before the supreme court of Kentucky and was determined in Dudley v. Lindsey, B. Mon., 486. There, an action of debt was brought on a judgment recovered in the circuit court of the United States in the state of Mississippi, to which was pleaded nul tiel record and the statute of limitations. The plaintiff demurred to the latter plea. The statute on which the defendant relied, declares "that all actions of debt grounded upon any lending or contract without specialty, and all actions of debt for arrearages of rent, shall be commenced and sued within five years," and it was contended that a debt due by judgment is founded upon contract, and that, as the statute contains a single exception and that in the case of specialties, the *318 limitation applies to all other contracts, embracing a debt due by judgment. The court says: "A judgment for money is not strictly a contract, but it imposes a civil liability and is more conclusive evidence of indebtedness than a contract by specialty; and therefore an action upon it is not embraced by the statute of limitations."
A judgment is not an agreement, contract or promise in writing, (409) nor is it in a legal sense a specialty. Therefore the action on it is not within 21 James I, and similar enactments in the states. 7 Wait Actions and Defences, 253.
As then an unequivocal acknowledgment or promise in writing will not remove the statutory obstruction to the enforcement of a judgment by a new action, because it is not a contract within the meaning of the act, nor can a partial payment which implies such promise have greater effect than an express promise, the present proceeding whose purpose is to obtain an order for leave to issue execution upon the dormant judgment, must also be ineffectual. The case is one referring solely to a defence under the statute of limitations, not one raising a presumption capable of being rebutted, and therefore must be decided upon the principles involved in former adjudications. We must therefore affirm the judgment, and it is so ordered.
