McDermott v. Royal
613 F.3d 1192
8th Cir.
2010
Check Treatment
Docket
PER CURIAM.

Thе City of Springfield, Missouri (Springfield) appeals the district court’s orders finding a Springfield ordinance unconstitutionally overbroad and еnjoining its enforcement. We reverse the appealed orders and remand the case for further proceedings.

*1193 Robin Celeste McDermott brought this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action claiming, in part, that she suffered First Amendment violations during her arrest and prosecution for obstructing police officers who arrested her son. See McDermott v. Royal, 213 Fed.Appx. 500, 501 (8th Cir.2007) (unpublished per curiam). On her appeal from the district court’s adversе ruling, we concluded that McDermott had sufficiently raised a claim that the Springfield ordinance (Ordinance) under which she was prosecuted violated the First Amendment. Accordingly, we remanded the case so that the district court could address in the first instancе the constitutionality of the Ordinance. See id. at 501-03.

The Ordinance (Section 26-17, renumbered as of October 2000 as Section 78-32(1)) provides as fоllows: “No person shall resist or obstruct a city officer making an arrest or serving any legal writ, warrant or process or executing or attempting to execute any other duty imposed upon him by law.”

A jury later found for Springfield (the only remaining defendant) on an as-applied challenge to the Ordinance, namely, that McDermott’s protected speech was not a substantiаl or motivating factor in her arrest and that she was not arrested for mere speech. The jury also found, however, that if the court held that the Ordinance was unconstitutional, ‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌​​​​‍as being over-broad on its face, then McDermott should be awarded $25,000. The court later enjoined enforcement of the Ordinance and awarded McDermott damages, concluding that the Ordinance was substantially over-broad because Springfield had not limited its “obstruction code” to fighting words or physical obstruction. Springfield appeals. 1

We review de novo constitutional challenges and questions of statutory interpretation. See United States v. Barraza, 576 F.3d 798, 806 (8th Cir.2009), petition for cert. filed (U.S. Feb. 18, 2010) (No. 09-9187). In determining whether the Ordinance could be invalidated on its face as substantially overbroad, the district court was required to consider whethеr it reached a substantial amount of conduct protected by the First Amendment, even if it also had a legitimate appliсation. See City of Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451, 458-59, 107 S.Ct. 2502, 96 L.Ed.2d 398 (1987).

In City of Houston, the Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of a Houston ordinance that contained language making it unlawful to “in any manner oppose, molest, abuse or interrupt any policeman in the execution of his duty.” The Court found that the оrdinance was substantially overbroad, and thus unconstitutional, because it prohibited “verbal interruptions” of officers — speech that could not be criminalized — and was not limited to fighting words or even to obscene or opprobrious language. See City of Houston, 482 U.S. at 455, 462-63, 107 S.Ct. 2502. The Fifth аnd Sixth Circuits have since considered similar ordinances, but found them distinguishable from the Houston ordinance, which used the term “interrupt.” Spеcifically, the Fifth Circuit affirmed the rejection of an overbreadth challenge to an ordinance making it unlawful to “obstruct, prevent or interfere with” an officer’s lawful discharge of his duties, see Fair v. City of Galveston, 915 F.Supp. 873, 879-80 (S.D.Tex.), aff'd, 100 F.3d 953 (5th Cir.1996); and the Sixth Circuit found that an ordinance prohibiting ‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌​​​​‍resisting, interfering, or hindering a police officer sug *1194 gested physical interference, not speech, see Lawrence v. 48th Dist. Court, 560 F.3d 475, 482 (6th Cir.2009); cf. Dorman v. Satti, 862 F.2d 432, 436-37 (2d Cir.1988) (citing City of Houston for proposition that statute which used terms “interfere” and “harass” criminalized substantial amount of First Amеndment protected speech). Also, in State v. Krawsky, 426 N.W.2d 875, 875-78 (Minn.1988), the Minnesota Supreme Court considered City of Houston in upholding a state statute against a First Amendment challenge; the court found that the statute, which used the terms “obstructs,” “hinders,” “prevents,” and “interferes,” applied only to рhysical acts substantially frustrating or hindering an officer’s performance of his duties. We have twice cited State v. Krawsky favorably. See Foster v. Metro. Airports Comm’n, 914 F.2d 1076, 1079 & n. 4 (8th Cir.1990); Gorra v. Hanson, 880 F.2d 95, 96-98 & n. 3 (8th Cir.1989).

In the instant case the district court relied in part on Payne v. Pauley, 337 F.3d 767 (7th Cir.2003), and Wilson v. Kittoe, 337 F.3d 392 (4th Cir.2003), but we agree with Springfield that these opinions support its position that the Ordinance is not substantially overbroad. In Payne, the court noted that Illinois courts hаd interpreted a state law making it unlawful to knowingly “resist” or “obstruct” the performance ‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌​​​​‍of a police officer (the same terms used in Springfield’s challenged Ordinance) to cover only physical resistance. See Payne, 337 F.3d at 776. And in Wilson, the court noted that Virginia courts hаd interpreted a state obstruction-of-justice statute — using only the terms “obstructs” or “obstruction” — as not reaching peaceful verbal criticism. See Wilson, 337 F.3d at 398-99 & n. 3 (declining to address whether statute might run afoul of First Amendment because of how state courts had construed statute).

We conclude that the terms used in the Ordinance — “obstruct” and “resist” — cover only physical acts or fighting words and do not give offiсers unfettered discretion to make arrests for mere words that annoy them. 2 Thus, the district court erred by finding the Ordinance unconstitutionаl on its face and enjoining its enforcement. See Jacobsen v. Howard, 109 F.3d 1268, 1274 (8th Cir.1997) (upholding facial challenge to statute or ordinance as overbroad is “strong medicine” and requires showing that statute or ordinance ‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌​​​​‍poses realistic danger that it will significantly compromise reсognized First Amendment protections of parties who are not before court).

The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Notes

1

. We decline to consider McDermott’s apparent challenge to the jury verdict on the as-applied challenge because she did not cross-appeal, see Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 588 F.3d 614, 621 (8th Cir.2009); and we have already rejected her assertions concerning jurisdiction.

2

. We recognize that this court has interpreted the term "obstruct” to include mere speech, see O’Hare v. United States, 253 F. 538, 539 (8th Cir.1918), but it did so in the context of a challenge to an indictment under a section of thе Espionage Act of June 15, 1917 (Espionage ‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌​​​​‍Act), which made it a crime to "willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment” for the United Slates armеd services during wartime. The O'Hare opinion has been cited for this holding, but not since 1920 and only in the context of this particular section of the Espionage Act, which has since been repealed. Further, there has been significant developmenl in First Amendment jurisprudence in the context of civil rights suits. See Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 611-12 & n. 9, 93 S.Ct. 2908, 37 L.Ed.2d 830 (1973) (as long recognized, First Amendment needs breathing space, and statutes attempting to burden or restrict its exercise must be narrowly drawn and represent considered legislative judgment that specific mode of expression must give way to other compelling needs of society); see also City of Houston, 482 U.S. at 461, 107 S.Ct. 2502 (First Amendment protects significant amount of verbal criticism and challenge directed to police officers).