250 S.W. 953 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1923
This is an action for damages for the maintenance of a temporary nuisance. Verdict and judgment for plaintiff and defendant has appealed.
Defendant has established and maintains a poultry, egg, and butter house in the City of Springfield in which large numbers of all kinds of poultry are kept and prepared for shipment and large numbers of poultry are slaughtered, making necessary the disposition of large quantities of offal, blood, feathers and filth and in which *562 large numbers of eggs are inspected and many unfit for use are handled and disposed of which adds to the filth which must be disposed of at defendant's place of business. Large quantities of milk and butter are also handled.
Plaintiff is the owner of several dwelling houses near defendant's plant which he holds for rental purposes and one dwelling house in which he resides with his family. Some rooms in the latter house were rented but it was kept by plaintiff mainly as his dwelling. This suit is based on the allegation that unwholesome and foul odors were generated by defendant and that these permeated the atmosphere in the vicinity of plaintiff's property house and that the crying of fowls and handling of large numbers of milk cans created loud and unusual noises that disturbed the inmates of plaintiff's houses and that the accumulation of filth by defendant bred flies in large quantities and that these flies swarmed around and got into plaintiff's houses and that the filth, odors, loud and unusual noises and flies greatly depreciated the rental value of the houses owned and held by plaintiff for rent and caused great suffering and discomfort to him in the use and enjoyment of his home.
The evidence on part of plaintiff tended to support his contention as to the facts while defendant's evidence was to the contrary. The chief question involved in this appeal relates to the measure of damages. It is conceded that as to the rental property, the measure of damages is the decrease in the rental value or the loss in rents up to the time of filing the suit and that measure of damages was applied by the trial court to the rental property. The controversy arises as to the measure of damages for the injury suffered by plaintiff in the use and occupancy of his home. There was no claim that plaintiff or his family were made sick by reason of the nuisance and appellant contends that the same measure of damages should be applied there as applies to the houses rented, to-wit, the decrease in rental value alone. Respondent contends and the trial court so held, that as *563 to the home, plaintiff should be compensated for the injury to, and impairment of, the ordinary use and enjoyment of his home during the period for which damages were claimed and did not limit the amount to the decrease in rental value. The position of respondent and the trial court upon this question is stated in Instruction No. 3 given for plaintiff which is as follows: "The court instructs the jury that the plaintiff had the right to the peaceful and uninterrupted occupancy and enjoyment of his home, and if you find and believe from the evidence that foul odors or loud and unusual noises caused as stated in other instructions arose from, or flies in large numbers were attracted to and came from, defendant's plant and caused plaintiff real and substantial annoyance and discomfort in the enjoyment and occupancy of his home at No. 621 North Campbell Street then in arriving at your verdict you will allow him as damages on account of such odors or unusual noises or flies, if any, as you find from the evidence will reasonably compensate him for the injury and impairment in the use and occupancy of his home, if any, caused thereby during the period of five years just prior to August 28, 1920, not to exceed the sum of $5000."
Appellant's position is stated in its refused Instruction D as follows: "The court instructs the jury that if you find from the preponderance or greater weight of the credible testimony, that odors or noises, as defined in other instructions, came from defendants' plant, and caused plaintiff real and substantial annoyance and discomfort in the use and occupancy of his home at No. 621 N. Campbell Street, then in arriving at your verdict, you will allow plaintiff as damages for such annoyance and discomfort, if any, only such amount as you find from the evidence will reasonably compensate him for the decrease, if any, in the value of the ordinary use and enjoyment of that part only, of his said house and premises, which was occupied by him for the five years just prior to August 28, 1920, which amount, if any, cannot exceed the decrease, if any is shown by the evidence, *564 in the reasonable rental value of that part of said house and premises which was occupied by the plaintiff during the said five years just prior to August 28, 1920."
There are some other minor questions discussed by counsel but as we view it, the question as to the proper measure of damages to plaintiff in the use and occupancy of his dwelling house as a home is the chief question on the merits of this case and the one on which this appeal must be determined.
It has been suggested that the suffering shown in this case is mental suffering and that damages cannot be recovered for mental anguish alone when the injury is not accompanied by malice, insult or inhumanity. The legal proposition there stated announces the rule adopted in this case. [McCardle v. Peck Dry Goods Co.,
To warrant recovery physical suffering must result directly from the tort. We have found no case, however, which undertakes to formulate any rule by which a court or jury may be able, in all cases, to determine whether the suffering is, in a legal sense, mental or physical. In a general way we say that mental suffering affects the mind alone and physical suffering affects the body, but in applying that general formula to specific cases, the line of distinction between the two classes of suffering is not always clear. Fright, grief and sorrow are classified as mental suffering. This is clearly right because the effect centers in the mind and is subject to the control of the mind. In one sense all suffering is mental because the consciousness of it rests in the mind. If an arm is paralyzed a blow upon it will not cause suffering of any kind because the nerves fail to carry the sense of suffering to the brain, but if the arm is normal, the sense of suffering is felt and is located at the place where the blow was struck and we then say that the blow caused pain in the arm, not the mind, and in that case no action of the mind can stop the pain. That suffering is, in a legal sense, clearly physical. Without discussing *565 further the distinction between mental and physical suffering we will say that, in our opinion, the suffering caused by foul stenches, loud and unusual noises and the pest of large numbers of flies is just as real as that caused by a blow and the sufferer is as clearly unable, by any mental action of his own, to relieve against it. It cannot be dispelled by the will power of the individual affected and hence suffering caused by these agencies should be denominated physical rather than mental and their consideration as an element of damage is not barred by the rule that in the absence of malice, insult or inhumanity, recovery cannot be based on mental anguish or suffering alone.
It was suggested on oral argument by counsel for appellant that a measure of damages based on the suffering of the inmates of the home would establish a separate right of action in each individual residing there and that would be unjust. We do not think such a result would follow. The plaintiff is the head of the family and it is he who provides the home and is responsible for its maintenance and comfort and he alone is the proper party to sue. [Ellis v. K.C., St. Jo. C.B.R.R.,
It is contended that the Supreme Court of this State has settled the question of plaintiff's measure of damages to the use and occupancy of his home to be the decrease in its rental value, and we are cited to the case of Pinney v. Berry,
Smiths v. McConathy,
What is said in that case is squarely against the contention that the amount of recovery in a case of this character is limited to the proven financial loss.
In Penney v. Berry,
"The evidence in regard to injury to the health of plaintiff's family was undoubtedly admissible on the issue presented and though an estimate in money of such damage is not very easily made, and the cost of medicine and doctor's bills have nothingto do with it, yet its effects upon the value of the occupancy may be quite material, and ought to be considered by the jury. Property thus exposed to malaria would be less valuable to the owner if occupied by him and command a smaller rent if it was desired to rent it. So also the inconvenience of a circuitous route for firewood and timber, if occasioned by the nuisance, and the overflow and destruction of a valuable spring would be proper objects for compensation in such an action. In short, thedamages would be the loss sustained by the continuance of thenuisance to the rental value of the place and not the differencebetween its market value as an absolute estate before and afterthe nuisance." (Italics are ours.) This language, standing alone, seems to support appellant's contention. What is there said in relation to doctor's bills is obiter in that case and we are slow to believe that the court really meant to say that if sickness should be caused by a nuisance, that money paid for the services of the attending physician could not be recovered as such but could only be considered as affecting the rental value of the dwelling house. It is manifest that such a rule would not furnish adequate relief for the reason that the doctor's bills might be far more than the rental value of the dwelling house for the time that the nuisance had been maintained. Appellant concedes that sickness, doctor's bills or any special damage alleged and proven may be recovered for independently of the rental value of the premises. What the court really held in that case, and *568 all they intended to hold, as we view it, is, that unless permanent injury were shown permanent damages could not be recovered.
In Smiths v. Railroad,
While the question here involved was not discussed in Burgenstock v. Nisanabotna Drainage District,
Our conclusion is that the Supreme Court in this State has not finally settled the question.
Neither do we think that it can be said that the Courts of Appeals in this State have established a uniform or settled rule on the question. The case of Beckley v. Schroh,
The St. Louis Court of Appeals in Jarvis v. Railroad,
The authorities on this question in other jurisdictions are in hopeless conflict and we shall not review them here. What is said by the United States Supreme Court in Baltimore Potomac Ry. Co. v. Fifth Baptist Church,
Our conclusion is that as to the home of plaintiff, diminution in rental value is not the correct measure of damages. In the enjoyment of his home he does not suffer any actual loss of money by reason of the maintenance of this nuisance. It is his home. He neither receives nor pays rent. He does not lose rent, therefore, the rental value is immaterial to him as far as this nuisance is concerned. It matters not how or by what standard we measure theamount of his damage, the fact is, that what he is, in fact, paidfor is what he suffers in the occupancy of his home by reason ofthe nuisance. If financial loss is to be the measure of his damage then he should not recover at all for from a financial point of view he loses nothing and hence from that viewpoint he should be paid nothing. To measure his damage by diminution in rental value is an arbitrary or fanciful and not a real standard because he suffers no loss of rents. What he in fact suffers is the physical suffering, annoyance *572 and discomfort resulting from the invasion of his home by the foul odors, loud and unusual noises and the pest of flies, all of which are sent there directly from this nuisance and that suffering, annoyance and discomfort should be the basis on which the amount of his damage should be estimated.
The fact that no financial standard can be fixed by which to gauge the amount to be assessed does not militate against the right of recovery or make the assessment of damages impossible. The difficulty in fixing the amount is no greater than it is in a case wherein compensation is to be awarded for pain and mental anguish. Much must be left to the good sense of the jury and the sound supervisory discretion of the court. The standard by which to measure the amount of the damage is the same as in all other cases, which is, reasonable compensation for what he has actually suffered by reason of the wrong of the defendant. The difficulty in fixing a reasonable amount in this case is no greater than in any other case in which the amount of damages cannot be computed upon a basis of financial injury or loss.
We think the real damages suffered by plaintiff was what was suffered by himself and family in the use and occupation of his home on account of the nuisance of which complaint is made and that suffering should be made the basis upon which to estimate the damages suffered and not the diminution of rental value.
We think the trial of the case was without prejudicial error and should be affirmed and it is so ordered.
Our holding in this case on the measure of damages as to the home of plaintiff is in conflict with the decisions of the Kansas City Court of Appeals in Bielman v. Railroad,
Bradley, J., concurs; Farrington, J., concurs in the law as declared in this opinion but is in doubt as to whether the evidence justifies the amount of the judgment rendered for damages to plaintiff in the enjoyment of his home. *573