64 Cal. 134 | Cal. | 1883
—The complaint alleges that plaintiffs are and have been owners and tenants in common of “The Lost Ledge ” mining claim, the plaintiff McCord owning two hundred three-thousandth parts thereof; the plaintiff Griffith, three hundred and sixty three-thousandth parts thereof; the plaintiff Gibbs, one hundred and thirty-three and one third three-thousandth parts thereof; the plaintiff Pond, sixty-six and two thirds three-thousandth parts thereof; and the defendant twenty-two hundred and forty three-thousandth parts thereof.
That the defendant, “without authority or permission of the plaintiffs, or either of them,” has been and is in the exclusive possession and occupancy of the entire premises, and during such occupancy “ defendant has ever refused, and still does refuse, to admit the plaintiffs, or either of them, to the possession or occupancy of said premises, as tenants in common with defendant or otherwise, and has and still does exclude the plaintiffs and each of them- from any possession or occupancy of said premises or any part thereof.”
That during the time defendant has been in possession as
That the cinnabar so taken from said premises is of the value of one hundred thousand dollars and upwards.
That a large quantity of the cinnabar so taken from said ground by defendant has been by it reduced and converted into quicksilver, and the quicksilver by it sold and disposed of, and the proceeds converted by the defendant.
That the defendant has hitherto refused and still refuses to deliver to plaintiffs, or either of them, any part of said cinnabar or quicksilver, or to pay over to them, or either of them, any portion of the proceeds of said sales.
That defendant has been and still is engaged in cutting down and destroying the growing trees upon said premises, and converting the same into wood and timber, “ which said defendant has been and still is using for purposes of fuel and in the construction of shafts, tunnels, machinery, and other structures in and about, carrying on its said business of mining in and upon said premises.”
That the value of said trees, wood, and timber, so converted by defendant is about five thousand dollars, and that defendant has refused and still refuses to pay to the plaintiffs, or either of them, “any part or portion of such value.”
That defendant has refused and still refuses to give plaintiffs, or either of them, any statement or information in detail “ of the quantity or value of the cinnabar so taken from said ground, or of the quicksilver produced therefrom, or of the amount realized from the aforesaid sales of the same, or of the quantity or value of the trees, wood, and timber, so taken and converted as aforesaid.”
That defendant threatens and intends to continue to prosecute, for its own use and benefit, the business of mining in and upon
That by reason of the premises plaintiffs have sustained great damage, to wit, in the sum of one hundred and five thousand dollars, or thereabouts.
The prayer is: Tor an injunction, restraining and forever enjoining defendant from prosecuting “the business of mining in or upon the premises, or from digging, excavating, or constructing shafts or tunnels in or upon the same, or from extracting cinnabar or other minerals therefrom, or from cutting down, injuring, or destroying any trees or timber upon said premises, or committing waste thereon in any manner; that plaintiffs and each of them be admitted to the occupation and possession of said premises as tenants in common with said defendant; that they recover of said defendant “the said sum of one hundred and five thousand dollars,” for their damages, and that said damages “be trebled, in pursuance of section 732 of the Code of Civil Procedure,” and for such other and further relief as the nature of the case may require, etc.
The court below found that the defendant had never claimed the entire mine, and had never excluded the plaintiffs from the common possession, and that plaintiffs had never entered, nor ever intended or desired to enter into the actual occupation. As the testimony was substantially conflicting we would not be justified in setting aside these or the other findings.
The material questions presented are:—
Does the excavation and removal of cinnabar from' a quicksilver mine, or the cutting of timber trees used in working the mine, by one tenant, constitute waste for which his co-tenants may recover treble damages under section 732 of the Code of Civil Procedure?
Does-such excavation and cutting and conversion constitute 'waste which should be enjoined?
Are the plaintiffs entitled to an accounting?
1. Section 732 reads: “ If a guardian, tenant for life or years, joint tenant or tenant in common of real property, commit waste thereon, any person aggrieved by the waste may bring an action
In Elwell v. Burnside, 44 Barb. 447, it was said: “By the common law one tenant in common could not be guilty of committing waste; that is* the same acts which if committed by a tenant for life or years would constitute waste, would not be waste when committed by a tenant in common. He was not liable to his co-tenant in an action for waste, for the injury done to their common estate. As he is now, however, liable by statute (referring to a statute similar to the section of the Code above recited), to respend to his co-tenant in this form of action, for those acts which constituted waste when committed by a tenant for life or years, we must resort to the common law to ascertain whether the acts complained of in this case would be waste, had they been committed by a tenant for life or years.”
In the case now before us the quicksilver mine had already been opened when plaintiffs and defendant became tenants in common. If, therefore, it be conceded that under the provision of our Code a tenant in common is subject to the action in like circumstances as is a tenant for life or years, the plaintiffs cannot recover damages as for waste. “ As to all tenants for life, the rule has always been that the Avorking of open mines is not Avaste.” And a tenant for life may open new pits or galleries Avithout committing Avaste. (Neel v. Neel, 19 Pa. St. 328.) A tenant for years is not guilty of Avaste in taking ore from the mine, the sole subject of the demise, during his term. That is Avhat he pays rent for.
It may be urged that, as between lessor and lessee for years, their contract contemplates the extraction of mineral, and in case of a life estate, the grantor or donor must intend that his grantee or donee shall receive some benefit from his estate. But is it not also true from the very nature of mining property in this State, valuable only because of the mineral it is supposed to contain, that each of the co-tenants may use it in the only Avay it can be used? The co-tenants out of possession may at any time enter into an equal enjoyment of their possession; their neglect to do so may be regarded as an assent to the sole occupation of the other. This is but another application of the principle announced in Pico v. Columbet, 12 Cal. 414. True the co-tenants will not be
It cannot be doubted that on the part of a mere trespasser it is a Avrong in the nature of Avaste to remove any ore from a mine. The cases cited by appellants fully sustain this proposition. But it is not a just inference that as between tenants in common the rule is the same. Section 732 of the Code of Civil Procedure does not relate to trespasses committed by those Avho have no interest in the property. Nor does it define “ waste,” or declare Avhat acts committed by a guardian, tenant for life or years, or joint tenant, or tenant in common, as the case may be, shall be waste. For the appropriate meaning of the Avord, as applicable to acts done by these several classes of persons, Ave are relegated to the principles of the common hrw, and to various considerations of policy arising out of different- conditions Avhich the common Iúav recognizes and approves.
The Avord “Avaste” is not an arbitrary term to be applied inflexibly Avithout regard to the quantity or quality of the estate, the nature and species of the property, or the relation to it of the person charged to have committed the Avrong. As Avas said by Boane, J., in Findlay v. Smith, 6 Munf. 134, “in considering Avhat is Avaste in this country, it is to be remarked that the common Iuav by Avhich it is regulated adapts itself in this as in other cases to the varied situations and circumstances of the country.....The Iuav on this subject must be applied Avith reasonable regard to circumstances.”
In the mining regions of' this State Avhere title to a lode can be acquired from a United States government only after work of certain value has been done upon it, can it be, that if one of several locators or oAAmers shall assume the sole risk of developing the mine, he shall become liable to those AArho have taken no chance of possible loss, not only for an accounting as to net profits—supposing him to be fortunate enough to secure any — but also as a tortfeasor, for three times the value of the AA’hole, or for a proportionate share of the ore taken out?
It Avill be observed, upon the facts herein, no question arises as to unnecessary damage done to the mine or its Avorks, by reason of reckless or unskillful management of the business by the tenant conducting it. There may be cases in Avhich the
In view of the character of the property, and of plaintiffs’ implied assent to its sole occupation by defendant for mining purposes, we regard the right of the latter to the proceeds of its operations as partaking of the nature of an usufruct; the appropriation of the net returns as a legitimate participation of the profits, and its acts of mining as not impairing or consuming the estate to any greater extent than must be presumed to have been intended to be allowable by each of the parties in interest.
Murray v. Haverty, 70 111. 320, supposing it to have been correctly decided, does not entirely sustain the view of counsel for appellants. That decision Avas based upon a statute Avliich authorized a tenant to bring trespass or trover against his co-tenant xvho should “ take aAvay, destroy, lessen in value, or otherAvise injure” the common property. The section of our Code does not declare that a co-tenant who “ shall take aAvay,” etc., shall be guilty of Avaste. The question waste or no waste is left to the courts. Besides, in Murray v. Haverty the court had already decided the case by holding certain evidence, as to license, inadmissible under the defendant’s plea.
Counsel quote from Freeman on Co-tenancy: “In all cases Axdiere a co-tenant practically destroys the estate or some part thereof, trespass may be sustained by the injured co-tenant.” (5 302.) But this is to be taken xvith other portions of the same xvork AX'here the distinction is pointed out between an appropriation of the proceeds, rents, profits, or income, and the destruction of the estate itself. (See also Waterman on Trespass, 947.) The tenant in common of a mine may occupy it for the purpose contemplated by all, even though a portion of the soil or ore be remoxred„ Each tenant has the right to use the mine, and, as Avas intimated by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, so long as an estate is used according to its nature “it is no Aralid objection that the use is consumption, and it is no fault of the tenant that it is not more endurable.” (Irwin v. Cevode, 24
It is not necessary to examine in detail the many cases cited by appellants, as in none are the facts like those of the case at bar. We shall refer to a few of them..
Delaney v. Root, 99 Mass. 546, was an action of trover for the conversion of personal property. Stetson v. Day, 51 Me. 434, simply decides that, under a statute of Maine, a tenant for life, who neglected to pay taxes assessed upon the estate during his tenancy, and thereby subjected the estate to a sale, was liable to an action by the reversioner, either of waste, or of case in the nature of waste. Maddox v. Goddard, 15 Me. 219, and Symonds v. Harris, 51 Me. 14, were actions of trespass quare clausum for the destruction of a mill, and for the disseverance and removal of machinery from a mill; Blanchard v. Balter, 8 Me. 253, trespass on the case for a similar injury to common property; McDonald, v. Trafton, 15 Me. 225, has no bearing upon any question involved in the case before us; and Hubbard v. Hubbard, 15 Me. 198, was a statutory action of trespass “for strip and waste” of timber.
As to the destruction of trees charged in the complaint herein, it has been expressly decided in California that, in the enjoyment of his legal rights in the common property, each co-tenant may cut timber, and use or dispose of it, at least to an extent corresponding to his share of the estate. (Hihn v. Peck, 18 Cal. 640.) In the case before us there is neither averment nor finding that defendant has cut or consumed more than its share. Besides, the use of the trees was merely incidental to the mining operations of defendant. In Pennsylvania it is held that the cutting of timber, to be used in a mine by tenant for life, whose mining is not waste, is not itself waste. (Neel v. Neel, 19 Pa. 23.) Nowhere is it held to be waste for a tenant in common of a farm to cut wood necessary to the use of the farm.
It was indeed held in New York by the Supreme Court that the cutting down of timber trees by one of several co-tenants, upon land whose principal value consisted of the growing
And here it may be added, applying the rule of Hihn v. Pede, it would seem each tenant in common of a mine is at least entitled to take out his share of the ore. That neither of the tenants can “look into the ground” may be a reason why a court of equity should order an account to be taken, but ought not to operate a prohibition upon the working of the mine by anybody.
2. Ought the court below to have enjoined defendant from proceeding with its mining?
“In case of joint tenants and tenants in common, with respect to whose acts of waste the common law has provided no remedy, courts of equity will interfere when it appears that waste has been committed or threatened by one tenant in common, who has become possessed of the whole premises.” (Taylor’s Landlord and Tenant, 694.) This general proposition may be conceded to be correctly stated, but the very question here is—has waste been committed? At the common law the tenant had no redress for acts of admitted waste committed by his co-tenant. But the latter might be restrained in equity from felling ornamental trees, or from doing other things amounting to wanton and destructive waste, which were called “equitable waste,” because allowable at law. By our statute, however, a tenant may recover damages of his co-tenant in every case of waste. Holding as we do that the acts of defendant were not, under the circumstances, wanton or destructive, or any waste, it follows plaintiffs were not entitled to an injunction.
Counsel rely upon the opinion of the court of chancery of Upper Canada, in Dougall v. Foster, 4 Grant U. C. 319, where it was held (Esten, V. C., diss.) that one tenant in common would be restrained at the suit of his co-tenant from digging earth for bricks on the joint property. There the bill alleged that the portion of the lot from which the clay was being excavated and carried away was very valuable for build
Hawley v. Clowes, 2 Johns. Ch. 122, was a bill for partition, and for cutting down and carrying away timber, not wanted for the necessary use of the farm. The injunction was granted, in view of the special character of the case, and the insolvency of defendant, and on the ground that the excessive cutting of timber was destructive, “ and not within the usual and legitimate exercise of enjoyment.” Chancellor Kent added: “ The remedy is peculiarly appropriate and proper pending a partition of the very land.
In Hole v, Thomas, 7 Ves. 589, Lord Eldon, after saying, “ I never knew of an instance of an application to stay waste
It is said by Eden (Waterman’s Eden on Injunctions, vol. 2, 3d ed. 210), the instances in which injunctions have been granted between tenants in common against committing waste 0are few. The application has always been refused, unless attended with peculiar circumstances. In Smallman v. Onions,
3 Brown Ch. 621, an injunction was granted against the cutting of timber, on the ground that the parties were only equitable tenants in common, the legal title being in a trustee; that therefore the person who was committing the waste had no title to the possession, and cutting the timber was a trespass upon the trustee; also that the trespasser was insolvent. And in Goodwyn v. Spray, 2 Dick. 667, the lord chancellor denied an injunction prayed for by one tenant against his co-tenant cutting timber, saying the only remedy the plaintiff had was to get a partition.
In the absence of allegations, proofs, or findings of wilful injury, or of unnecessary injury or destruction caused by the negligence or unskillfulness of defendant, the plaintiffs were not entitled to an injunction.
3. Is this an action for an accounting?
It is established in this State that, in ordinary cases, an action at law cannot be maintained by a tenant in common against a co-tenant in sole possession of the premises, to recover a share of the profits derived from the estate by means of the labor and money expended by the party in occupation. The occupation by one tenant, so long as he does not exclude his co-tenant, is but the exercise of a legal right. The money he invests at his own risk; if his transactions result in a loss he cannot call upon his co-tenant for contribution, and if they result in a
Nor is the present an action brought to recover a portion of the profits acquired by the expenditure of defendant's money, ,y treating it as the agent of plaintiffs in developing the common property. There is no pretense of an averment of any actual contract between plaintiffs and defendant, whereby the latter was authorized to act for the former. On the contrary, it is expressly alleged in the complaint that the acts of defendant were against the will of plaintiffs, and without their consent.
Again, the tenant in occupation is not made the ■bailiff of ■plaintiffs, in the absence of a contract of agency, by any statute of this State. The statute of Anne (4, 5, 16) has never been adopted here, and if it had been adopted that statute would seem only to have applied to cases where one tenant in common had received from a third person money, or other thing of value, to which both tenants were entitled by reason of their co-tenancy, and retained more than his just share according to the proportion of his interest. (Pico v. Columbet, supra; Henderson v. Eason, 9 Eng. L. & Eq. 337.)
If the appropriation by defendant of the net proceeds of its enterprise be considered as merely the legitimate percejffion of the profits, the action cannot be maintained as an action for an account.
Izard v. Bodine, 3 Stock. 403, cited by counsel for appellants, does not sustain their view. There the bill was for partition and account. The Supreme Court of New Jersey held: 1. If one tenant in common oust his co-tenant, the latter must first establish his right at law, and thus recover the mesne profits —
Appellants also refer to Nelson’s Heirs v. Clay’s Heirs, 7 Marsh. J. J. 139.) But in that case the court after saying that a statute of "Virginia which, like the English statute, authorized “actions of account in favor of one joint tenant or tenant in common against another, as his bailiff, for receiving more than 1ns just share,” was in force in Kentucky, held that the statute did not apply when the estate, at the commencement of the tenancy in common, yielded no rent, or profits, and one of the tenants entered, and by improving the estate rendered it productive; the other co-tenant having expended neither money nor labor.
In Shiels v. Stark, 14 Ga. 436, the court adjudged that, under the statute of Anne, in force in Georgia, a tenant in exclusive occupation was liable to his co-tenant for a proportionate share of the value of the use and occupation; admitting that it had been held in Massachusetts (Sargent v. Parsons, 12 Mass. 149), that, under the statute of Anne, it is necessary to charge the defendant with having received rents and profits “otherwise than by his occupancy.” We do not find the language attributed to Dane by the learned court of Georgia (Dane’s Abr., 1 vol. ch. 8, art. 3, p. 170), in our edition of the work referred to. Shiels v. Stark, was a bill in equity for a partition, and an account.
If it be conceded that the peculiar nature of mining property of itself constitutes such an equity as that the tenants, who could at any time have entered into the joint possession, but who have never expended labor or money upon the common property,
Nevertheless, since the property is described in the complaint and the exclusive occupation and working of the mine by defendant averred therein, and inasmuch as the court below did in fact take an account, we have looked into the findings and evidence with respect thereto.
We have said that the net proceeds from the working of the mine were rather in the nature of profits from the use than the result of the destruction of the inheritance. But it may be conceded, for the purposes of this decision, that the relation of the tenants in common, under the circumstances disclosed, is sui generis, and their rights peculiar. That while the extraction of ore from the mine by one tenant, who does not exclude his co-tenants, is not waste, and the neglect of the latter to enter should be held an assent on their part to the exclusive occupa
The court below found: “ That defendant has taken from said mine, since the 18th day of March, 1876, a great number of tons of ore, and has taken therefrom a large sum of money, and that all thereof has been expended in the proper, economical, and necessary development and working of said mine for said ere, and in the proper, economical, and necessary reduction of the said ores, and in properly, economically and necessarily defending at law the common title to said property, and in proper payment for an outstanding title thereto.”
The parties here are not mining partners, between whom an accounting is sought. If they can properly be termed partners “in the profits” (see the dictum in Abel v. Love, supra), they have not by the averments of their complaint declared themselves partners in any broader sense. By filing their complaint they did not make themselves liable to the defendant, or to creditors of defendant, in case the account of defendant’s transactions should show such transactions had resulted in a loss; they did not make the defendant their agent as to debts by it created beyond the proceeds from its mining, nor did they subject their interest in the mine to any debts of its creation. In their complaint they impliedly, if not expressly, disavow any such purpose. If the plaintiffs here are entitled to an account, their claim to it is based upon special equities; their appeal to the court of equity is on the ground that defendant ought, under the peculiar circumstances, to pay them a share of the
4. Conceding, for the sake of the argument, such an action might have been maintained, the present is not an action to recover rent of defendant as successor to the tenants previously in occupation.
Judgment and order affirmed.
Boss, J., and McKee, J., concurred.