100 So. 764 | Ala. | 1924
The suit is upon a guaranty bond given by defendants to secure a present indebtedness and establish a line of credit for one J. H. Ott. Ott is not one of the obligors or makers of the bond, but the party to whom the consideration moved. For the purposes before us, the relation between him and defendants was that of principal and surety. The questions here presented relate to the sufficiency of special pleas 3, 4, and 5, as against the grounds of demurrer assigned thereto.
Plea No. 3 is a general plea of non est factum, except it avers, in the alternative, that no one else was authorized to "sign" for defendants. The usual alternative is "by any one authorized to bind" the defendants. Civil Code 1907, p. 1201, form 33. The signature is a necessary part of the execution of the bond. Construed most strongly against the pleader, it may be regarded as a limited plea putting in issue only the signatures to the paper. The plea would be met by proof that it was signed by the makers or some one authorized to sign it for them, but it placed the burden of proof in that regard on plaintiff. If the facts averred are true, the defendants could not be bound.
Plea No. 4 sets up a conditional delivery. An instrument, other than negotiable paper, signed by certain obligors, and placed in the hands of a co-obligor or other person, to be delivered to the obligee only upon obtaining the signature of another named person as co-obligor, does not become a completed contract until the signature of such other person is obtained. The paper is treated as an escrow in the hands of an agent, with power to deliver when completed. The obligee is required at his peril to ascertain the scope of the powers of the agent.
This rule has often been attacked in Alabama on the ground that the surety, who intrusts to the principal the delivery of a paper complete on its face, clothes a party of known interest in the transaction, and whose fidelity he is insuring, with such apparent authority that the surety should be bound in the absence of notice to the obligee of the limited authority *442 of the principal. Our cases have admitted the force of the argument, but have pointed out that the obligee, must in all cases ascertain whether the paper offered is genuine; that a mere surety should not be held to a contract he did not in fact make. It may be added that a bond to be signed by numerous persons must be intrusted to some one to procure the other signatures, unless all shall give the time and trouble required to see to it that all have joined in a transaction solely for the benefit of others.
Whether we may regard the one rule or the other as supported by the sounder reason, the Alabama rule has been the established law of the state from its early history. It is a law of contracts probably applied daily in business affairs. If there should be a change, it must come by legislation. White Sewing Machine Co. v. Saxon,
The plea is not demurrable because it sets up parol evidence to vary or contradict the terms of a valid written instrument. The evidence goes to the point that there is no valid instrument, that it never became a contract by lawful delivery.
The point is made that this rule is infracted because of the terms of the bond signed by defendants. The bond stipulates:
"It is understood that there are no conditions or limitations to this undertaking, except those written or printed thereon, at the date hereof, and that after execution, no alteration, change or modification hereto shall be binding," unless in writing, etc.
No reason occurs to the writer why the escrow agreement may not appear in the face of the bond signed. If the obligors, over their signatures, expressly define the powers of the agent to whom it is intrusted, such stipulation would seem to be a severable and separate agreement from the bond. Thus, if it was written, "This bond is now complete and ready for delivery without the signature of any other person," we see no reason why this would not constitute such escrow agreement in writing that would authorize delivery, and shut out parol evidence to the contrary. The writer in this, speaks for himself alone.
However, in White Sewing Machine Co. v. Saxon,
We need not here decide whether the above case should be followed on the point in question.
The stipulation in the bond before us makes no specific reference to conditions precedent. Taken as a whole, it rather implies conditions and limitations going to the effect of the bond as such when executed. It cannot be regarded as an escrow or agency agreement relating to delivery, nor as a waiver of the condition upon which the signatures of defendants were obtained.
The several grounds of demurrer raising the point that the plea must show the obligee had notice of the conditional delivery, or consented thereto in person or by agent, are manifestly not well taken.
The question is not whether the obligee is bound by the condition, but whether the obligors are bound by the bond. The entire doctrine rests upon the proposition that no contract ever came into existence.
Plea No. 5 is in substance the same as plea No. 4, except that it alleges the agreement for conditional delivery was made between the obligors, and does not show that Ott was a party thereto. The custody of the paper pending the signature of Cordell could be committed to any obligor or other person save the obligee. Whoever held it, subject to such instructions, was without authority to make it effective until the condition was complied with. If the plea not sufficiently show who was to hold it and obtain the signature of Cordell, a special demurrer pointing out the defect, so it could be remedied by amendment, was necessary.
The court cannot be put in error in his ruling on the grounds of demurrer assigned.
Affirmed.
ANDERSON, C. J., and SOMERVILLE and THOMAS, JJ., concur.
