193 Ind. 359 | Ind. | 1923
On May 10, 1920, Joseph F. McConnell departed this life in Jay County, Indiana. On May 1 prior thereto, he executed the written, instrument following:
“Muncie, Ind. May 1, 1920.
“All debts and expenses incident to last illness along with any other indebtedness shall be paid first.
“One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) in cash shall be paid to Bert Robbins, Redkey; Ind.- R. F. D. No. 1.
“All real and personal property to William J. and Katherine Horine (his wife).
“Joseph F. McConnell.
“Witnesses:
Will C. Moore.
D. P. Murray.
“Subscribed in my presence May 1, 1920.
“[L. S.] Bertha M. Smith,
“Notary Public.
“My commission expires June 30, 1920.”
A brief reference to some of the evidence before the trial court -may serve the purpose of a better understanding of the questions determined. In the latter part of April, 1920, the decedent entered the Home Hospital at Muncie, Indiana. His ailment was diagnosed as cancer of the stomach, and a resort to surgery was decided upon. On the morning of May 1, his home physician, Dr. Murray, called upon him at his room in the hospital. As the doctor was leaving the room to prepare for the surgery, the decedent called him back and told him that he realized he might not come through the operation all right and that it might be fatal. His physician then asked him if he wanted to make a will, and he said “Yes;” that he had some property and some things that he wanted to fix up before he went on the table, or before he was operated on. This physician
Appellant, by his objections to the questions, and which he reincorporated in his motion to strike out the answers, took the position that the character of the instrument in question must speak for itself. He asserts that these rulings were erroneous for the reason that the admitted evidence tended to supply words not employed by the testator for the purpose of assisting the court in determining the meaning of the instrument and intent of the testator; or, in other words, there appears upon the face of the instrument a patent ambiguity as to intent which is not subject to explanation nor can it be shown by extrinsic evidence. ’ The instrument before us is not questioned for lack of proper execution, or conflicting provisions, or for want of identity of beneficiaries, or for insufficient description of property. Appellant bases his argument largely upon the insufficiency of the words employed to show testamentary
Appellant’s success in this appeal depends entirely upon the face of the instrument in question showing a patent ambiguity or uncertainty that will ex-elude extrinsic evidence for any purpose. Consequently, we must be understood as having the one question only in mind. The making of wills is a personal matter -in which all persons may legally engage, except infants and persons of unsound mind. §3112 Burns 1914, §2556 R. S. 1881. It is provided by statute (§3132 Burns 1914, §2376. R. S. 1881) that —“No will except a nuncupative will shall affect any estate, unless it be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his presence with his consent, and attested and subscribed in his presence by two or more competent witnesses.” It is true, as appellant insists, that an instrument which gives a vested and contingent interest upon its execution cannot be regarded as a will, for the very essence of testamentary disposition of property is that it shall not take effect during the life of the testator. Heaston v. Krieg (1906), 167 Ind. 101, 111, 119 Am. St. 475.
It seems to us the difficulty in the case at bar,_ like all others of its class offering a pretense for the conten
It is quite apparent that the -instrument in question was drawn by a person who had but little, if any, knowledge of the technical requirements of such document. However true this fact may appear, it will not serve to prevent the application of the principles of law which apply generally to wills. It is not, What did he mean? but, it is, What do his words mean? Bingel v. Volz (1892), 142 Ill. 214, 31 N. E. 13, 16 L. R. A. 321, 34 Am. St. 64. A court has no authority to make a will. It has no “rightful power to admit extrinsic .evidence to add to, eliminate, or vary the terms of a will as written.” Hertford v. Harned (1916), 185 Ind. 213, 218. Its province is limited to a construction of the language adopted by the maker as expressive of his intention. In the instant case he did not assume to indicate the character of the instrument, but that fact is not ordinarily influential, for, if its purpose be testamentary, it cannot operate during life and is consummated only by death. Hence, it may be said that an instrument is testamentary only when, from its own wording, it may be so declared.
Courts and text-writers, following the announcement of Lord Bacon, recognize two classes of ambiguities designated as patent and latent. Schouler, in his work on Wills, says: “the one .(patent) where the instrument appears ambiguous, the other where collateral matter out of the -instrument breeds the ambiguity, since the instrument on its face appears certain enough. In a patent ambiguity the written instrument, or higher proof, cannot be mingled in proof
In Grimes’ Executors v. Harmon (1871), 35 Ind. 198, 208, (9 Am. Rep. 690), it is said: “A patent ambiguity is one which appears on the face of "the instrument, that which occurs when the expression of an instrument is so defective that a court of law which is obliged to put a construction upon it, placing itself in the situation of the parties, cannot ascertain therefrom the parties’ intention. A latent ambiguity is one which
The consensus of opinion seems to be that a patent ambiguity is one which “arises upon the words of the will before any attempt is made to apply them to the object which they describe and parol evidence is not admissible to explain such ambiguities.” Schouler, supra. See, also, Craven v. Butterfield, Rec. (1881), 80 Ind. 503, 511; Dennis, Admr., v. Holsapple (1879), 148 Ind. 297, 300, 46 L. R. A. 168, 62 Am. St. 526; 28 R. C. L., p. 273, §245. However, this latter conclusion must not be construed as excluding parol evidence of facts, circumstances and surroundings of the testator at the time he wrote the will. Such is not evidence dehors the will, but may be admitted, as we have seen, for the sole purpose of placing the court in a position to read the words of the will according to their true intent and meaning as purposed by the testator.
While the instrument before us does not contain the words “devise” or “bequeath” or “at my death”, yet an unprejudiced comparison and consideration of its context leads to the one thought — an act in contemplation of the maker’s demise. We regard the words “last illness”, found in the first sentence of the instrument, quite conclusive evidence of the intention which should govern the direction of each item therein. The word “last” modifies “illness”, thus characterizing the latter as the last in succession, the end. Thus the time of*effectiveness of the instrument is fixed. In re Tinsley (1919), 187 Iowa 23, 174 N. W. 4, 11 A. L. R. 826, it is said: “It is not necessary that there shall be express technical words of devise and bequest, or an express declaration that its provisions shall take effect only at his death, if, when read as a whole, in
After considering carefully the various principles and rulings to which our attention has been called, and from our own investigation, we are convinced that the instrument in question was the declaration of McConnell as to the manner of disposition of his property after death, and therefore obviously testamentary. The evidence admitted over appellant’s objection was not calculated to take from, add to, modify or explain any of the words, clauses or provisions of the instrument asserted to be the last will and testament of Joseph F. McConnell. Hence, we conclude that the challenged evidence merely put the court in a position to give effect to the words as they were actually written.
Our conclusion upon the admission of the questioned testimony, and that the asserted will was not void for uncertainty, disposes of all the questions presented to this court. The order and judgment of the court below is therefore affirmed.