631 N.W.2d 180 | S.D. | 2001

631 N.W.2d 180 (2001) 2001 SD 86

Robert L. McCLAFLIN, Claimant and Appellee,
v.
JOHN MORRELL & CO., Employer, Self-Insurer and Appellant.

No. 21588.

Supreme Court of South Dakota.

Considered on Briefs January 8, 2001. Decided July 3, 2001.

*182 Ron J. Volesky of Volesky and Schaeffer Huron, SD, Attorneys for claimant and appellee.

Michael S. McKnight, Lisa Hansen Marso of Boyce, Murphy, McDowell & Greenfield, Sioux Falls, SD, Attorneys for employer, self-insurer and appellant.

AMUNDSON, Justice.

[¶ 1.] Robert L. McClaflin (Claimant) was awarded odd-lot benefits under the Workers Compensation Act. John Morrell (Employer) appeals that decision. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

FACTS

[¶ 2.] In 1972, Claimant began working for Employer at its Kansas City location. During the next ten years, Claimant's job included working in a number of positions, including cutting and running a scribe saw, the bone line, and utility. In 1982, Claimant relocated to Employer's Sioux Falls location. There, he performed a variety of tasks such as cutting bologna and tails, and utility.

[¶ 3.] In 1995, Claimant sought medical treatment for complaints related to his upper extremities. He was diagnosed as suffering from carpal tunnel, a work related injury, and subsequently had surgery to relieve his pain. After surgery, Claimant went through a rehabilitation program and returned to work in November of 1996.^[1] His post-surgery positions included the knife room, trash collection, equipment cleaning, and his current position in the coatroom. His duties in the coatroom involve handing laundered coats to other employees and light clean up. His current coatroom position, approved by his treating physician, involves Claimant working 8 to 9 hours per day, 5 to 6 days per week, and is paid $10.00 per hour.

[¶ 4.] On October 27, 1997, Claimant petitioned the Department of Labor (Department) for permanent total disability and Cozine benefits. Four doctors, including those on behalf of Claimant, opined that Claimant was capable of working. A vocational expert opined that Claimant was not employable, despite Claimant's current position at Employer. Department found that, due to his carpal tunnel, Claimant was entitled to both Cozine and odd-lot benefits. Because Department also found that Claimant was currently employed, Department retained jurisdiction over the odd-lot claim suspending payment of such benefits. Employer appealed.

[¶ 5.] The circuit court reversed Department as to Department's finding that Claimant was "obviously unemployable" due to his "continuous and debilitating pain." The circuit court found that Claimant failed to meet the requirements to be considered "obviously unemployable." Nevertheless, the court affirmed the award of odd-lot benefits on the basis that Claimant was "obviously unemployable" because he was "not employable in the competitive market." The court also affirmed the suspension of benefits due to *183 Claimant's current position.^[2] Employer raises two issues:

1) Whether a Claimant may receive permanent total disability benefits where he has shown that he is not employable in the competitive market.

2) Whether Employer satisfied its burden of showing suitable work is available to Claimant.

ISSUE 1

[¶ 6.] Whether a Claimant may receive permanent total disability benefits where he has shown that he is not employable in the competitive market.

[¶ 7.] To qualify for odd-lot worker's compensation benefits, a claimant must show that he or she suffers a temporary or permanent "total disability." Our definition of "total disability" has been stated thusly:

A person is totally disabled if his physical condition, in combination with his age, training, and experience, and the type of work available in his community, causes him to be unable to secure anything more than sporadic employment resulting in insubstantial income.

Shepherd v. Moorman Mfg., 467 N.W.2d 916, 918 (S.D.1991); Tiensvold v. Universal Transport, Inc., 464 N.W.2d 820, 822 (S.D.1991); Barkdull v. Homestake Mining Co., 317 N.W.2d 417, 418 (S.D.1982). Under the odd-lot doctrine, the ultimate burden of persuasion remains with the claimant to make a prima facie showing that his physical impairment, mental capacity, education, training and age place him in the odd-lot category. If the claimant can make this showing, the burden shifts to the employer to show that some suitable work is regularly and continuously available to the claimant. Shepherd, supra; Tiensvold, supra.

[¶ 8.] We have recognized two avenues in which a claimant may pursue in making out the prima facie showing necessary to fall under the odd-lot category. First, if the claimant is "obviously unemployable," then the burden of production shifts to the employer to show that some suitable employment within claimant's limitations is actually available in the community. Shepherd, 467 N.W.2d at 918; Tiensvold, 464 N.W.2d at 823. A claimant may show "obvious unemployability" by: 1) showing that his "physical condition, coupled with his education, training and age make it obvious that he is in the odd-lot total disability category," or 2) "persuading the trier of fact that he is in the kind of continuous, severe and debilitating pain which he claims." Shepherd, supra, at 918-19.

[¶ 9.] Second, if "`the claimant's medical impairment is so limited or specialized in nature that he is not obviously unemployable or regulated to the odd-lot category,' then the burden remains with the claimant to demonstrate the unavailability of suitable employment by showing that he has made [] `reasonable efforts' to find work" and was unsuccessful. Id. If the claimant makes a prima facie showing based on the second avenue of recovery, the burden shifts to the employer to show that "some form of suitable work is regularly and continuously available to the claimant." Id. (citing Wendel v. Domestic Seed & Supply, 446 N.W.2d 265, 270 (S.D.1989)). Even though the burden of production may shift to the employer, *184 however, the ultimate burden of persuasion remains with the claimant. Shepherd, supra, at 918.

[¶ 10.] Department found, based on the testimony of Claimant and his treating physicians, that Claimant was not "obviously unemployable by proving he is in continuous, severe and debilitating pain." Department also found that Claimant did not show that he made "reasonable efforts to find work," but was unsuccessful. Department, however, did find that he demonstrated he was obviously unemployable based on his "physical condition, coupled with his education, training and age." Thus, he made a prima facie showing that he was obviously unemployable.

[¶ 11.] This finding was rejected by the circuit court. The circuit court, however, affirmed Department's ultimate finding that Claimant was obviously unemployable because there was evidence that Claimant is "not employable in the competitive market."^[3] Under our workers' compensation jurisprudence, we have never allowed recovery based on this test employed by the circuit court. We decline to adopt such an extension.^[4]

[¶ 12.] The circuit court, relying on Claimant's vocational expert, found that Claimant's coatroom position was "favored work" and that it was not a "competitive job" because of the high number of breaks Claimant had to take while performing his duties. The circuit court relied on this Court's earlier decisions in Tiensvold and Shepherd as authority to award odd-lot benefits based on a claimant's inability to be employable in the competitive market. The circuit court's reliance on these cases, however, is misplaced.

[¶ 13.] It is true that in our decision in Tiensvold we articulated in dicta that "`when a worker makes a prima facie case of total disability by producing substantial evidence that the worker is not employable in the competitive market' the burden shifts to the employer." 464 N.W.2d at 823. It cannot be said that we adopted that standard as a new avenue of recovery. The Tiensvold case involved a claimant that based his odd-lot claim on his "continuous and debilitating pain." He failed to meet his burden. In reaching our conclusion, this Court did not reach the issue of whether a claimant could fall under a "competitive market" standard. Thus, this Court has yet to approve this standard and decline to do so today.

[¶ 14.] Under the facts presented, however, this Court is not yet willing to dismiss Claimant's claim for odd-lot benefits. Although Claimant is not in a position of "favored work,"^[5] his current *185 position in the coatroom allows Employer to shield itself from liability under our workers' compensation laws. As it stands, Claimant cannot meet his initial burden because he is currently employed by Employer. As we are mindful that Employer could now fire Claimant without cause because South Dakota is an "at-will" jurisdiction, we direct the circuit court to retain jurisdiction over this matter should Claimant no longer work for Employer. If Claimant can show, once no longer employed by Employer, that he is obviously unemployable and Employer cannot meet its corresponding burden, then the circuit court should instruct Employer to pay Claimant odd-lot benefits.

[¶ 15.] This Court is also mindful of SDCL 62-7-35, the two-year statute of limitations for workers compensation.^[6] Due to Claimant's current coatroom position, however, under the specific facts of this case, it is premature for any odd-lot determination; thus the time for the statute of limitations or failure to prosecute has not commenced. Although presented in a different posture, this Court on occasion has allowed a workers compensation case to be reopened due to a change in Claimant's condition. See e.g., Sopko v. C & R Transfer Co., Inc., 1998 SD 8, 575 N.W.2d 225; Whitney v. AGSCO Dakota, 453 N.W.2d 847 (S.D.1990). Under our well established precedent, we reiterate the notion that workers' compensation statutes should be construed liberally in favor of injured employees. Mills v. Spink Elec. Co-op., 442 N.W.2d 243, 246 (S.D. 1989); Wilcox v. City of Winner, 446 N.W.2d 772, 775 (S.D.1989). Thus, this Court should allow Claimant to show that if his position is terminated by Employer, his change in condition requires further examination without regard to time limitations.

[¶ 16.] Likewise, other courts have also retained jurisdiction over similar matters. See Horton v. Garrett Freightlines Inc., 106 Idaho 895, 684 P.2d 297 (1984) (Commission retained jurisdiction for future determination of permanent disability); Lopez v. New York City Hous. Auth., 71 A.D.2d 750, 419 N.Y.S.2d 244 (1979) (Board has broad powers of continuing jurisdiction over closed cases, including right to modify a decision in such a way that it reaches a different result on the same record); Brooks v. Duncan, 96 Idaho *186 579, 532 P.2d 921 (1975) (limitations period applies only to final awards, and did not apply in case in which no evaluation of residual partial permanent disability had been made at the time of the hearing, and the Board had reserved jurisdiction); Williams v. Safeway Stores, 525 P.2d 1087 (Alaska 1974) (Board has power to retain jurisdiction over case, obviating the claimant's further action to avoid time limit); Palmeri v. Riggs Sargent, Inc., 147 Ind. App. 430, 261 N.E.2d 887 (1970) (adjudication concerned temporary total disability and did not adjudicate the claimant's permanent partial disability; under these circumstances, time limit does not bar petition for adjudication of permanent partial impairment); Boden v. City of Hialeah, 132 So.2d 160 (Fla.1961) (found that limitation did not bar additional claim for permanent partial disability); Pratt v. Central Upholstery Co. Inc., 252 N.C. 716, 115 S.E.2d 27 (1960) (Commission has authority to retain jurisdiction to make further adjustments pending final award; limitations statute is inapplicable if there has been no final award). The circuit court's retention of jurisdiction over this matter in no way bars Claimant's ability to litigate his claim at a future date. Fundamental fairness requires jurisdiction of an action until the litigation is completely and finally determined. Because we suspend any determination of whether Claimant has made out a prima facie case that he is odd-lot, we need not address the remaining issue related to Employer's burden.

[¶ 17.] Affirmed in part and reversed and remanded to the circuit court to retain jurisdiction over Claimant's odd-lot claim.

[¶ 18.] MILLER, Chief Justice, and SABERS, KONENKAMP, and GILBERTSON, Justices, concur.

NOTES

[1] The record includes a Department of Labor Memorandum of Payment for Permanent Partial Disability signed and executed by all parties involved. The memorandum provides for a $15,252.48 payment to Claimant based on a disability impairment rating of 22%. This award is not part of this appeal.

[2] The court remanded the case to Department to reconsider the award of Cozine benefits. Upon remand, Department denied Cozine benefits, but allowed payment of certain permanent partial disability benefits to Claimant. Neither party appeals those findings on remand.

[3] Claimant has not filed a Notice of Review as to Department's findings for denial of odd-lot benefits on the other alternative grounds. He has also not filed a Notice of Review for any error committed by the circuit court. Thus, this opinion only addresses whether claimant can make out an odd-lot claim for benefits under this newly devised "competitive market" test.

[4] During its bench decision, dated November 10, 1999, the circuit court stated:

On this record, this Claimant was not obviously employable. I arrive at that conclusion primarily because of the fact that none of the doctors indicated he could not work and he was gainfully employed in at least two different jobs from the period of the time after his surgery up through the hearing.... Specifically, that being a bus driver and the coat room position. Thus, it is readily apparent that the circuit court did not believe Claimant to be obviously unemployable as he was currently employed.

[5] The "favored work" doctrine, a judicial creation and term of art, imposes limits on claimants so as to "allow an employer to reduce or completely eliminate compensation payments by providing work within the injured employee's physical capacity." See Pulver v. Dundee Cement Co., 445 Mich. 68, 515 N.W.2d 728, 736 (1994). This Court never had the opportunity to apply the doctrine in the context of an odd-lot case. Cf. Kennedy v. Hubbard Milling Co., 465 N.W.2d 792, 797 (S.D.1991) (determining that the "favored work" doctrine did not apply because "the burden never shifted to Employer to show that there was work available" as Claimant failed to prima facie case that he belonged in the odd-lot category); Beckman v. John Morrell & Co., 462 N.W.2d 505, 509-10 (S.D. 1990) (holding that Claimant who refused "favored work" was correctly denied temporary total disability benefits).

In any event, the application of such doctrine is not determinative of the outcome of this case because it is primarily used to limit employees, not employers. This is because the "favored work" doctrine is implicated when an employee is given the opportunity to continue employment through "favored work" with his or her employer. If the employee refuses such "favored work," then, under the doctrine, the employer cannot be legally obligated to remit workers' compensation benefits to that employee, due to his or her refusal of such work. Thus, the doctrine of favored work has no application to the case at hand.

[6] SDCL 62-7-35 provides: