577 N.E.2d 665 | Ohio Ct. App. | 1989
Appellant, Martha Kimmel, appeals an order of the trial court finding her in contempt for failing to submit to genetic testing.
This paternity action was filed by appellee, Daniel McCarty, on November 8, 1985. In his complaint, appellee states the following:
"1. Plaintiff brings this action under R.C. Chapter 3111 in an order [sic] to establish the parent and child relationship, if any, existing between Plaintiff and Defendant, Rodney Kimmel.
"* * *
"3. Plaintiff brings this action upon the belief that he is the natural father of Defendant, Rodney Kimmel, by virtue of his having engaged in sexual intercourse with Defendant, Martha Kimmel, at or near the time of the conception of Defendant, Rodney Kimmel.
"4. Plaintiff avers that absent a genetic test as provided in R.C. §
In her answer, appellant stated:
"3. Deny the allegations contained in Paragraph 3 and 4 of Plaintiff's Complaint.
"* * *
"Counterclaim
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"2. That Plaintiff, Daniel McCarty, is the natural father of said Rodney Kimmel."
Appellee filed no reply to the counterclaim of appellee. *777
Appellee commenced a prior paternity action on May 6, 1985, (see case No. JC 85 1940), wherein he "states that he is the natural father" of Rodney Kimmel. Appellant filed an answer wherein she admitted that appellee was the father of her child. However, this case was voluntarily dismissed without prejudice by appellee pursuant to Civ.R. 41(A)(1)(a) on October 23, 1985.
On April 8, 1988, the trial court granted appellee's request for genetic testing. On April 15, 1988, appellant moved for reconsideration, which was denied by the trial court on June 13, 1988. On that date, the trial court affirmed its decision mandating genetic testing.
In its decision and entry of August 5, 1988, the trial court found that although appellee had arranged for genetic testing to take place on July 19, 1988, appellant refused to comply with the court-ordered testing. Consequently, the trial court found appellant in contempt and sentenced her to ten days in the Montgomery County Jail. Execution of appellant's sentence was stayed pending this appeal.
Appellant's first assignment of error states:
"The trial court erred in finding appellant in contempt for refusal to comply with the court's order where the court was without authority to issue such order."
It is well-settled that "[a]n order issued by a court with jurisdiction must be obeyed until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings." Hamilton City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v.Hamilton Classroom Teachers Assn. (1982),
Both the Constitution and legislation of this state permit this court to review only "final" orders and judgments. See Section
"An order affecting a substantial right in an action which in effect determines the action and prevents a judgment, an order affecting a substantial right made in a special proceeding or upon a summary application in an action after judgment, or an order vacating or setting aside a judgment and ordering a new trial is a final order which may be reviewed, affirmed, modified, or reversed, with or without retrial." *778
As stated in Lantsberry v. Tilley Lamp Co. (1971),
This case does not involve a "special proceeding," a "summary application * * * after judgment" or an order "vacating * * * a judgment and ordering a new trial." Only the first portion of R.C.
The case of Smith v. Chester Twp. Bd. of Trustees (1979),
"Where a non-appealable interlocutory order results in a judgment of contempt, including fine or imprisonment, such a judgment is a final and appealable order and presents to the appellate court for review the propriety of the interlocutory order which is the underlying basis for the contempt adjudication."
Upon review of the genetic testing order, we hold that contrary to appellant's assertion, the trial court was not without authority to issue such order. Appellant argues that in his complaint filed May 6, 1985 in case No. JC 85 1940, appellee unequivocally stated that he was the father of Rodney Kimmel and that in her answer, appellant admitted his paternity. However, we find that case No. JC 85 1940 has limited relevance to the instant case.
This court, in Crawford v. Bohannon (1959),
"[W]e recognize that an abandoned or superseded pleading no longer functions as such; the issues are to be found in the amended pleading. However, in the trial of the case, a party cannot escape completely from the content of abandoned pleadings. * * *
"* * *
"[T]he [party] verified each pleading and is chargeable with knowledge of any inconsistencies therein." See, also, Gest v.Piketon Lanes (1965),
The statements made in appellee's initial complaint cannot be considered judicial admissions in the case at bar because his pleading is no longer *779 functional. We must look to the instant complaint in order to analyze appellant's contention that appellee's paternity is an admitted fact.
In his complaint, appellee seeks to "establish the parent and child relationship, if any" between himself and Rodney Kimmel. (Emphasis added.) (Complaint Paragraph 1.) He brings the action "upon the belief that he is the natural father" of Rodney Kimmel. (Emphasis added.) (Complaint Paragraph 3.) In her answer, appellant "admits" the allegations in Paragraph 1 of the complaint. It appears to us that appellant has thereby merely admitted that appellee is seeking to establish the parent and child relationship, if any exists, between appellee and Rodney Kimmel.
Appellant asserts in her counterclaim that appellee is the natural father of Rodney Kimmel. We find that this is the only unequivocal statement regarding paternity contained in the pleadings. Appellee never filed a reply admitting this allegation and we cannot assume such an admission without proof. Therefore, we hold that the issue of paternity is, in fact, contested and that the trial court possessed authority, pursuant to R.C.
Appellant argues that our view of the instant facts would permit "persons who have no relationship to a child to file actions under Chapter 3111 and force the mother and child to undergo blood tests. * * *" (Appellant's Brief, at 8.) This argument is unconvincing. We find it unlikely that a "stranger" would desire to shoulder the obligation of support payments which are likely to follow the paternity action or to exercise visitation or custody rights with an unrelated child. Furthermore, we trust that the court would exercise appropriate sanctions if it found that a party had intentionally abused the genetic-testing process.
For the reasons stated above, appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.
Appellant's second assignment of error states:
"The trial court erred in finding appellant in contempt for refusal to comply with the court's order where the order violates appellant's right to privacy under the
In her brief, appellant concedes that "in the ordinary paternity case, there is a compelling state interest in resolving disputes regarding paternity by using genetic testing." (Appellant's Brief, at 11.) Appellant then argues that this is not an ordinary paternity case because appellee has admitted paternity and appellant has acknowledged it. Our discussion of appellant's *780 first assignment of error, supra, indicates our disagreement with this argument.
We find that even assuming, arguendo, that the court-ordered withdrawal of blood is an invasion of appellant's fundamental right to privacy, the state has a compelling interest which is paramount. See Leach v. Akron General Med. Ctr. (1980),
Although research has revealed no Ohio case law directly on point, the Washington case of State v. Meacham (1980),
"The constitutional objections raised in these cases, right of privacy ... [does] not preclude the trial court from ordering the withdrawal of a small amount of blood from the alleged fathers for testing. The intrusion by the state is minimal in each instance and the State's interest in accurately determining the parentage of the children is compelling.
"* * *
"The right to privacy, to be let alone, while fundamental and personal in nature, is not absolute. The state may reasonably regulate this right to safeguard society or where it otherwise has a compelling interest. Whalen v. Roe,
"Here, the State has a compelling interest in fixing the parentage of a minor child. The test specified to be used is highly reliable. No other evidence that is at all comparable in effectiveness is available to the State. The pain inflicted when blood is withdrawn by an experienced technician is inconsequential. And, any hazard to health is virtually nonexistent.
"* * *
"Here, the rights of the children concerned are also of constitutional magnitude. In Gomez v. Perez,
"[O]nce a State posits a judicially enforceable right on behalf of children to needed support from their natural fathers there is no constitutionally sufficient justification for denying such an essential right to a child simply because its natural father has not married its mother."
We hold, as did the Meacham court, that "the requirement to submit to the withdrawal of blood is not susceptible to a right of privacy challenge." Meacham,
Finally, we address what appears to be an assignment of error on cross-appeal by appellee which states:
"This court has no jurisdiction to hear this appeal as it is from an interlocutory order and the decision of August 5, 1988 is not a final appealable order."
It is clear that an order of contempt is final and appealable once the trial court makes a finding of contempt and imposes a sanction or penalty. See Chain Bike Corp. v. Spoke `N Wheel,Inc. (1979),
In accordance with this opinion, the decision of the trial court will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
WOLFF, P.J., and GRADY, J., concur.
