delivered the opinion of the Court:
The material questions presented, upon the conflicting claims made in the court below, are but two:
1. What were the rights of a surviving husband in the personal estate of his deceased wife, dying intestate, before and independently of the married women’s acts of 1869 and 1896; and,
2. To what extent and in what respects have these acts changed or modified the rights of a surviving husband in the personal estate of his deceased wife, dying intestate, if any such changes be made by those acts ?
1. That the surviving husband of a deceased wife, dying intestate, was entitled to administer upon, and to take in his own right, the personal estate of the wife, of which she died possessed or entitled to receive, whether consisting of dioses in action, or choses in possession, can admit of no serious question. Whether the right was or is founded in the relation of next of kin, or at the common law, jure mariti, is a question of no special or material importance at this day, after so many decisions declaring the right, without reference to the source of its origin. Mr. Justice Williams, in his very valuable and authoritative work on Executors (Vol. 1, p. 337),says:
“ Before inquiring into the rights of those persons expressly pointed out in the statutes, it is proper to consider that of the husband to be the administrator of his wife. This right belongs to the husband exclusively of all other persons, and the ordinary has no power or election to grant it to any other. The foundation of this claim has been variously stated. By some it is said to be derived from the statute of 31 Edw. Ill, on the ground of the husband being 1 the next and most lawful friend ’ of his wife; while there are other authorities, which insist that the husband is entitled at common law, jure mariti, and independently of the statutes. But the right, however founded, is now unquestionable, and is expressly confirmed by the statute 29 Car. II, Ch. 3,*200 which enacts, ‘ that the statute of distribution (22 & 23 Car. II, Ch. 10) shall not extend to the estate of femes covert, that shall die intestate, but that their husbands may demand and have administration of their rights, credits, and other personal estate, and receive and enjoy the same as they might have done before the making of the said act.’ This right of administration to the wife is not an ecclesiastical, but a civil right of the husband, though in England it is, or rather was, a right to be administered in the Ecclesiastical Courts.” Elliott v. Gurr, 2 Phillim. 16, 20.
This right of the surviving husband to administer upon the estate of his deceased wife was not only recognized but clearly affirmed as an existing - right in the testamentary act of Maryland of 1798, Ch. 101, Subch. 5, Sees. 8 and 9, wherein it is provided, “ that if the intestate be a married woman, it shall not, as heretofore, be necessary for her husband to take out letters of administration, but all her chases in action shall devolve upon her husband, in the same manner as if he had taken out such letters;” and, in the next section, direction is given in what manner a declaration shall be made to entitle the husband to recover without letters of administration.
This act of Maryland, of 1798, Ch. 101, is in force in this District, and must be observed, unless it be changed or modified by the acts of Congress of April 10, 1869, embodied in sections 727 to 730, Rev. Stats., United States, relating to the District of Columbia, and act of June 1, 1896,— known as the married women’s acts. Has there been any such change produced by these acts of Congress ? This question will be answered in what we have to say in regard to the second proposition involved.
2. With respect to the question, how far the pre-existing law upon the subject has been changed or modified by the married women’s acts, it may be proper to refer to and state in terms the provisions of those acts that are in force and apply to the question here involved.
The provisions of the act of April 10, 1869, were repealed- and re-enacted, as in some respects modified, by the act of
By section 1 of the amendatory act of 1896, it is provided, “ that the property, real and personal, which any married woman in the District of Columbia may own at the time of her marriage, and the rents, &c., thereof, and real, personal, or mixed property which shall come to her by descent, devise, purchase, or bequest, or the gift of any person, shall be and remain her sole and separate property, notwithstanding her marriage, and shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband or liable for his debts, except that such property as shall come to her by gift of her husband, shall be subject to, and be liable for the debts of the husband existing at the time of the gift.”
By section 2 of this amendatory act of 1896, it is provided, “ That a married woman, while the marriage relation subsists, may bargain, sell, and convey her real and personal property, and enter into any contract in reference to the same, in the same manner, to the same extent, and with like effect as a married man may in relation to his real and personal property, and she may, by a promise in writing, expressly make her separate estate liable for necessaries purchased by her, or furnished at her request, for the family.”
It is further provided in the third section of this amendatory act, “ that any married woman may carry on any trade or business, occupation or profession, by herself, or jointly with others, and perform any labor or services on her sole and separate account, and the earnings of any married woman from her trade, business, &c., shall be her sole and separate property, and may be used and invested by her in her own name.”
The fourth section provides that a married woman may contract, and sue and be sued in her own name, in all matters having relation to her sole and separate property, as if
The foregoing are all the provisions of the married women’s acts in force in this District, that have any relation to or bearing upon the questions involved in this case.
By the terms of the provisions quoted, it is made plain that during the life of the wife the property acquired by her, in the manner provided, she has absolute and entire control of, to the exclusion of her husband, with the right to dispose of it as she may think proper, by bargain and sale, or deed or will, without any regard whatever to any marital rights of the husband. But, as must be observed, the statute is entirely silent as to the disposition or devolution of the property in the event of the death of the wife intestate. In that event the law is left to stand as it stood before the passage of the acts to which we have referred. Repeals by implication are never favored, and are never supposed to be intended except where the provisions of the prior and subsequent statutes are in manifest and irreconcilable conflict, and then only to the extent that they do so conflict. And so no statute is to be construed as altering the rules of the common law, farther than its words plainly import; and where the legislature makes a plain provision in regard to any subject-matter, the courts are not at liberty to add to or extend that provision beyond the plain import of the words employed. Shaw v. Railroad Company,
While conceding that the statute is entirely silent as to the devolution of the property of a married woman who may die intestate, the counsel for the appellant contends that there is a policy, indicated by the general course of legislation upon the subject, that should direct the interpretation of the statute, and by which the property of a married woman dying intestate should be made to devolve upon the children of tbe deceased as her next of kin, to the entire exclusion of all marital rights of the surviving husband. But this, to say the least of it, is a most precarious and unreliable ground upon which to base a rational interpretation of the plain words of a statute. Policy, as said by the Supreme Court, is a very uncertain thing, upon which all sorts of opinions, each variant from the other, may be formed by different persons. It is a ground entirely too unstable upon which to rest the judgment of the court in the interpretation of a statute. Hadden v. The Collector,
The provisions of the act of April 10, 1869, so far as the present questions are dependent upon the married women’s act, were substantially, indeed literally, the same as those contained in the act of June 1, 1896. The provisions of the former act, so far as they were supposed to affect the rights of a surviving husband in the personal estate of the wife dying intestate, were fully considered by tbe Supreme Court of tbis District, sitting in its appellate capacity in general term, in tbe case of Chadsey v. Fuller,
“ But if the wife should die leaving personalty, without*204 having attempted to dispose of it by will or otherwise, a state of things is presented in regard to which the statute is entirely silent, but there is nothing in it inconsistent with the previous law applicable to that case. The wife may have unlimited control during her life, but this is entirely consistent with the husband’s right of succession after her death, if she has retained her property and chosen to die intestate.
“ There is, therefore, no repeal by implication of the act of 1798, which would be the result of an inconsistency, between that and the act of Congress. And this conclusion is certainly in harmony with the manifest object of the law. The evil of the old law was that the wife’s property, during her lifetime, was at the mercy of her husband, and liable to be wasted by him to her detriment; but it never was considered an evil that her relatives, perhaps collateral in a remote degree, were not preferred in the succession to the husband. The law aimed at the protection of the wife, but it is hardly conceivable that the lawmakers’ solicitude extended to her relatives. The title of the original act was ‘An act to regulate the rights of property of married women, etc.’ While it declares that the right of any married woman to her property should be as absolute as if she were unmarried, it nowhere declares that the rights of her heirs or next of kin, in the event of her death, shall be the same, or that her estate shall descend or be distributed in like manner, .as if she were unmarried. And no such idea is involved in this definition of her rights, because the question of succession pertains to the rights of her heirs and next of kjn and not to hers.”
This construction of the statute, so well and forcibly expressed by Mr. Justice Cox, is in strict accord with the construction of similar statutes by the State courts. It seems to be well settled that the married women’s acts, such as we have in this District, in the absence of unequivocal language, do not change the common law rule with reference to separate personal property of a married woman, not disposed of in her lifetime, nor by will; but it goes to her surviving husband by virtue of his marital rights in the same manner as under
As we have stated, the case of Chadsey v. Fuller was decided in 1887, and we are not aware that that case has ever been questioned by bench or bar until the present proceeding. That decision would seem to be founded in solid reason, and consequently there is no real ground for the contention of the appellants in this case. It nowhere appears to have been the purpose of Congress in passing the married women’s acts to break up and destroy all mutuality of rights as between the husband and wife dying intestate. If the wife survives the husband she is entitled to her dower in his real estate, and to her distributive portion of his personalty; and there would seem to be no justice in depriving him as survivor of all right or interest in the personal estate of the wife, remaining undisposed of by deed or will at the time of her death.
But as showing in a very decisive manner what the law has been -and is upon this subject in this District, we may refer to the code recently adopted by Congress. That code, as we all know, was compiled by Mr. Justice Cox, and after it was subjected to great scrutiny by judges and lawyers of the District, it was submitted to Congress and was again critically examined by committees of the two Houses. The great need and object of the code was to reduce the law of the District to a consistent form, and while some changes in existing law have been made by the code, we do not suppose, and, indeed, we feel quite sure, that there has been no substantial change in the provisions of the married women’s acts as they existed at the time of the adoption of the code, March 3, 1901. The only thing done in respect to the provisions of those acts was to employ terms to make explicit matters about which the original acts of Congress were silent, but which matters were provided for both in the English statute of Charles II, and in the testamentary act of Mary
The married women’s acts having conferred the right upon the wife of separate contract in relation to her property, the effect of those acts rendered it necessary that there should be administration upon the estate of the wife in order to protect the rights of creditors. But with this necessary modification of the testamentary act of 1798, Ch. 101, the law as stated in the code, and as was enunciated in Chadsey v. Fuller, is and has been the law of this District ever since its organization in 1801.
In the answer of one of the appellants to the petition of the surviving husband for letters of administration upon the personal estate of the deceased wife, it is alleged that her mother, the deceased, was in business for herself prior to her death for many years, and that she acquired a large amount of property, both real and personal, as her own separate estate, free from the debts or any claim of her said husband; that all of the business was conducted by her and in her own name, and that the property left by her at the time of her death was her sole and separate estate, and that the only persons entitled thereto are the children of the deceased. It is also alleged that the fund of $4,425, deposited in bank in the name of the deceased, was money that she had earned in her business. These contentions are denied by the surviving husband, and there has been no proof offered to sustain the exclusive claim of the children. It is contended on behalf of the children that, on . the facts alleged and by virtue of the married women’s acts, the fund in bank and the other property acquired by the deceased was her sole and separate property, and that all right thereto of the surviving
If the cases cited were anything like the present they would not only be entitled to great respect, but would be controlling. But they have little or no resemblance to the present case. They were cases where, by conventional settlements, the husband had renounced and surrendered all marital right and title to the property, not only during the life of the wife, but after her death in favor of her representatives. In the opinion of the court, in Ward v. Thompson, it was said: “ Had such an omission occurred in an ante-nuptial contract in the usual form, securing her property to the wife for life, without any interference or control of the husband, and giving to the wife the power of testamentary or other disposition in her lifetime, as in the case of Stewart v. Stewart,
The case of Marshall v. Beall,
In the case of Stewart v. Stewart, the leading American case upon this subject, the principle was most fully and learnedly discussed by Chancellor Kent. In his opinion, among other propositions stated, he said: “ The court cannot take away the right of the husband to the personal estate of his wife, when it is not taken away by the settlement, or by the exercise of the power of appointment under it. When the settlement makes no disposition of the property, in the
We do not deem it necessary to refer to other authorities. The authorities are abundant, both English and American, in support of the conclusion stated by Chancellor Kent.
There is an objection taken to the fitness or competency of the surviving husband to administer upon the wife’s estate, upon the ground, as alleged, that he is addicted to the excessive use of intoxicating drink. But there is nothing to support the allegation, if it were even allowable as a cause for depriving the surviving husband of a right conferred •upon him by law. It is not necessary, however, that we ex
3. There seems to have been a demand made by the appellants, or in their behalf, of the court below, for an issue to be tried by a jury, whether the personal property of the wife, undisposed of at her death, was her sole and separate estate. But that is simply a question of law to be decided by the court, and not a question of fact to be decided by a jury. That the property undisposed of at the death of the wife, was her sole and separate estate, may be conceded, and yet, as we have seen, the rights of the husband are not excluded, either as to the administration, or the property itself, except only the property will be liable to the debts of the wife. The jury have nothing to do in determining the question of the right of the surviving husband to administration npon the personal estate of his deceased wife; and the court below committed no error in refusing to grant letters of administration to the two children applying therefor, and in granting letters to the surviving husband. Upon application to have an issue framed and sent to a jury for trial, the court will determine, as matter of law, whether there be any such matter of fact to be determined as will justify the framing of an issue and submitting it to a jury for determination. If such issue be not proper to be framed and submitted to a jury, the court will refuse the application. Smith v. Young,
We find no error in the action of the court below, and the order appealed from will be affirmed; and it is so ordered.
Notes
This case was removed by writ of error and appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, and that court, after consideration of motions by the appellee, submitted on printed briefs, to dismiss or affirm, postponed the determination of the motions until the final hearing. Subsequently, by stipulation of the parties, the appeal and writ of error were dismissed, the order appealed from appointing the appellee administrator was vacated, and the case settled by compromise.— [Reporter.