McCalmont v. Pennsylvania R.

283 F. 736 | 6th Cir. | 1922

DENISON, Circuit Judge

(after stating the facts as above). The Safety Appliance Act does not in terms forbid all,movements of a defective car. It directs the carrier not to “haul or permit to be hauled or used on Its line any car, etc.” This forbids hauling “on the line” and using “on the, line”; and it might well be thought that the prohibition did not apply at all to merely yard movements (see Louisville & Jeffersonville Bridge Co. v. U. S., 249 U. S. 534, 39 Sup. Ct. 355, 63 L. Ed. 757), and particularly to the movement from one place to another in a yard of bad-order cars which had been set out of use and! which movements were incidental to getting them to a shop or repair-track. When we observe the language of section 4 of the amendment of 1910 (section 8621), the ambiguity is not removed. The penalty prescribed is for “using, hauling or permitting to be used or hauled on its line any car” etc. The proviso is that, if a car has become defective while being used by such carrier “upon its line,” it may be hauled to the nearest available repair point; but this hauling may be done only from the place where the discovery was made. After that haul to the repair point has been completed, the perrrtission of the proviso is exhausted. It is common knowledge that the practical situation requires such a car to be hauled to the yards within which repairs can be made, and then often to wait a considerable time and to be shifted about more or less before work can be done upon it—all as the exigencies of repair work make necessary. After the car has once thus reached the general repair point, it is not easy to say that its subsequent hauling, perhaps from a switch track to the shop or to another switch track, is a hauling “from the place where such equipment was first discovered to be defective.” If not, such second hauling would not be within the provisions of the proviso of section 4 of the act of 1910, and a penalty accrues for every such shifting movement in the yard, if such yard hauling is within the primary prohibition. On the contrary, the intent to impose such a penalty under such circumstances seems improbable. We think we must interpret Texas Railway v. Rigsby, 241 U. S. 33, 42, 36 Sup. Ct. 482, 60 L. Ed. 874, as based upon the theory that these intermediate shiftings at the repair point yard are part of the unitary journey of the car from the point of first discovery to the precise point of actual repair on the repair track or in the shop, and are therefore all within the permission of this proviso and all within the declared continuance of civil liability. Reference to the opinion of the Circuit Court of Appeals (222 Fed. 221, 138 C. C. A. 51) in that case shows that there was lack of agreement as to whether the car was actually being hauled or used upon the line within the meaning of the act, and perhaps leads to the inference that its actual presence and current movement upon the main track were, in the mind of the majority, the controlling facts. The opinion of the Supreme Court does not seem to rest upon this particular ground, and, indeed, does not expressly state the conclusion of the court in.this respect; but the affirmance of the judgment below necessarily implies that the case disclosed such using and hauling of the car as were forbidden by the act and covered by the proviso.

Though the Rigsby Case is so far controlling, it is in another respect distinguishable. There the car was actually being hauled. In the present case no hauling was in progress or in immediate contemplation. The car was wholly out of present use. The original putting on of the chain and the further adjustment of the chain were in the nature of temporary repairs which would permit the car to be taken to the shop, and, so long as work of this character is not done as a part of the immediate operation of hauling to the shop, it does not seem important whether the expected interval before hauling is a few hours or a much longer time. Fully remembering that the benefits of the act are not confined to those who were actually trying to couple at the moment of the injury, still it does not follow that they extend to one who is merely putting the couplings in condition for a use which, though it may come soon, is distinctly of the future and not of the present.

However, we find the decision of this question unnecessary because of the conclusion which we reach upon the subject of proximate cause. It is quite apparent that the defective coupling was not the direct cause of McCalmont’s injury in the same way and to the same degree as in cases where a brakeman is actually trying to make a coupling with a car which is at the moment coming on for that purpose; yet there was a seeming cause and effect relationship from the fact that, except for the defective coupling, McCalmont would have had no occasion to go between the cars at this point and would not have been hurt. We think the properly logical view of such situations,' and the authoritative precedents to be discussed, fairly indicate that such accidents fall into two clásses — the one where the impact of the two cars which injures the workman is a part of the movement in which he is purposely participating ; the other where this impact is rather a collision which is no part of the plan. In the former class nothing happens which was unintended or which should have been avoided. The presence of the injured person between the cars is the immediate cause of the injury, and that presence was induced by the defective coupling, which is therefore, in law, the proximate cause. In the other class of cases the unintended and unnecessary collision is the immediate cause of the injury, the presence of the injured person at the danger point is an incident or a condition, and we must therefore look to see whether the defective coupler is the cause of the collision. If so, then it is the proximate cause of the injury; otherwise it is a remote cause.

The decisions of the Supreme Court may well be compared, and are fully reconcilable, from this view point. In the Conarty Case, 238 U. S. 243, 35 Sup. Ct. 785, 59 L. Ed. 1290, the defective coupler was the immediate thing which permitted the two colliding cars to come so close together that Conarty was caught between. If the coupler had been in good order, Conarty would not have been hurt. The collision between the defective car and the engine was no part of an intended coupling movement, but was entirely distinct and quite unnecessary. The reasoning of the court is that the injury was caused by the collision, that the collision was not caused by the defective coupling, and hence that the Safety Appliance Act did not create a liability. In the Layton Case, 243 U. S. 617, 37 Sup. Ct. 456, 61 L. Ed. 931, there was a deliberate attempt to make a coupling by impact with a string of five cars standing on the track. Plaintiff was on one of these five cars for the purpose of co-operating in the coupling operation. Owing to the presence of a defective coupler, the attempt to make this coupling failed, and, as the necessary alternative of the failure, the five cars were pushed along the track into collision with others standing there, and this collision was the immediate cause of plaintiff’s injury. Therefore in this case there is a direct chain of cause and effect — the intended coupling, the defective drawbar, the resulting unintended collision, and the finally resulting injury. In the Gottschal Case, 244 U. S. 66, 37 Sup. Ct. 598, 61 L. Ed. 995, the train broke in two, and the imperfect coupler caused the parting, which set the brakes, which caused the unintended stop and shock, which injured plaintiff. In the Lang Case, 255 U. S. 455, 41 Sup. Ct. 381, 65 L. Ed. 729, we have again the case of an unintended collision not caused by a defective coupler. The collision would have occurred just the same if there had been no defective coupler; and thus the case is classified with the Conarty Case. Also, just as in the Conarty Case, the plaintiff would not have been hurt or might not have been hurt except for the defective coupler, but in the Lang Case also the defect was considered a condition, and not a cause of the injury.

The opinion of the majority of the court, read in connection with the minority opinion, makes it clear that, where an unintended collision causes the injury, the defective coupler is not the proximate cause unless it was instrumental in bringing about the collision. The late Supreme Court cases have recently been carefully considered by the Court of Appeals in the Third Circuit (Philadelphia Co. v. Eisenhart [C. C. A.] 280 Fed. 271), and we read its analysis and conclusion as being in accord with ours. Plaintiff’s counsel suggests that the true criterion of liability in these cases is whether the duty in which the injured man was engaged fairly led to his putting his body in the position where the defectiveness of the coupler permitted him to be crushed, or perhaps whether his instant duty was in direct connection with the faulty car; but in the Conarty Case, where liability was denied, Conarty was in the performance of his duty when he put his body where it came between the car sills, and in the Lang Case, where liability was again denied, his duty justified him in putting his foot down where it was crushed by the defective car, while in the Gottschal Case, in which liability was upheld, Gottschal had no duty whatever with special reference to the car whose coupler broke. Hence neither suggested criterion can be sound.

If, however, there were otherwise doubt about the conclusion that the defective coupler was not the proximate cause of McCalmont’s death, it would be removed by observing and applying the ruling of the Supreme Court in the Wiles Case, 240 U. S. 444, 36 Sup. Ct. 406, 60 L. Ed. 732. This opinion points out that even in the presence of negligence by defendant which set in motion the train of events and without which the injury would not have happened, yet the plaintiff’s own conduct and negligence may be such as to become the intervening and sole proximate cause, leaving the defendant’s negligence as a remote cause only. Upon its facts as they are assumed by the Supreme Court, we cannot distinguish that case from this. It is true that the right to recover was not planted upon the Safety Appliance Act, but upon negligence under the Employers’ Liability Act, and that any contributory negligence on the plaintiff’s part would have diminished the recovery under the Employers’ Liability Act (Comp. St. §§ 8657-8665) rather than have been wholly immaterial under the Safety Appliance Act; but the court was not deciding the effect of contributory negligence, but only whether the plaintiff’s conduct was contributory negligence or was the sole proximate cause. It could make no difference whether the defendant’s negligence in permitting the train to break apart and thus bring Wiles into a place where he was in danger and was killed, was a disputed inference which a jury might draw under the one act, or a presumption of law which must be indulged under the other act. The Supreme Court assumed (240 U. S. 448, 36 Sup. Ct. 408, 60 L. Ed. 732) ² that there might be negligence, actionable under the Employers’ Liability Act, which thus brought Wiles into the position where he was exposed to the danger of an unintended collision, just as the absence of the necessary coupler brought McCalmont into a similar position. Wiles knew, as McCalmont did, that in the regular and ordinary operation of the road such a collision as did take place was liable to occur at any moment. It was Wiles’ clear duty, as it was McCalmont’s, to take a certain prescribed step which, if taken,’would prevent the collision. In each case there was neither negligence in bringing about the collision nor cause for the collision, except the failure of the man hurt to take that step which it was his duty to take to protect himself and others. If Wiles had gone back with his flag, as his duty required, that collision probably might have been avoided. If McCalmOnt had set out his flag as his duty required, it is even more probable that there would have been no collision. Our affirmance of the judgment below could safely be rested on the Wiles Case alone.

We do not overlook the insistence of counsel that McCalmont was actually engaged in coupling the bad-order car to its neighbor, and that hence all doubt is removed. To say this is to beg the question. To chain together two cars which have stood for hours and may stand for hours more untouched upon a track unüsed save as a receiving station for the car hospital is of course, in a certain broad sense, to “couple” them; but the word usually describes the operation which accompanies the approach of one car to the other. A crushing impact is the expected incident of the normal coupling, and safeguards are constantly necessary; not so, necessarily, of a “coupling” which calls for no impact.

The judgment is affirmed.

2 “Tie ease at bar is not solved by the doctrine [i. e., by sufficient proof of original negligence]. There is no jusi ification for a comparison of negligence,”