149 Ark. 585 | Ark. | 1921
Appellant was jointly indicted with one Willard Jones for the crime of murder in the first degree, alleged to have been committed by killing Robert Couch. On a severance appellant was tried separately, and was convicted of murder in the second degree. ■ - ' 'i !
The evidence adduced by the State tended to show that, while appellant and Conch were walking through the railroad yards at Fort Smith one night about 9:30 o’clock in December, 1920, Couch was shot and killed by Willard Jones in an attempt to rob Couch. The theory of the State is that appellant and Jones had formed a conspiracy between them to kill Couch, and that appellant was present when Jones committed the homicide.
It is not charged in the indictment that the homicide was committed “in the perpetration of or in the attempt to perpetrate arson, rape, robbery, burglary or larceny,” but it is charged that the killing was done by Jones and appellant “unlawfully, wilfully, feloniously and with malice aforethought and with deliberation and premeditation.” The statute defines murder in the first degree to be homicides “which shall be perpetrated by means of poison, or 'by lying in wait, or by any other kind of wilful, deliberate, malicious and premeditated killing, or which shall be committed in the perpetration of or in. the attempt to perpetrate arson, rape, burglary, robbery or larceny.” Crawford & Moses’ Digest, § 2343.
An indictment charging malicious and premeditated homicide does not include murder committed in the perpetration of or in the attempt to perpetrate one of the felonies mentioned in the statute, unless the element of malice aforethought is present in the commission of the crime; but under such an indictment there can be a conviction for homicide committed in the perpetration of or in the attempt to perpetrate a felony if the killing was done with malice aforethought. Rayburn v. State, 69 Ark. 177. Malice might exist in the commission of the homicide, even though the primary purpose of the offender was to commit another felony, and it is generally a question for the jury to determine whether or not the crime was committed with malice aforethought, even though it was done in the perpetration of or in the attempt to perpetrate another» felony of the kind mentioned in the statute.
After appellant was arrested, he pointed out Jones to the officers as the man who had shot Conch, and the court permitted the officer to testify concerning statements made by Jones in appellant’s absence and after Jones had been arrested. The statements of Jones to the officer, according to the latter’s testimony, were very damaging to appellant, and, if the testimony was inadmissible, the ruling of the court in allowing it to be introduced necessarily calls for a reversal of the judgment. We are clearly of the opinion that the testimony is inadmissible, for at most it related only to the statements of a co-conspirator in the absence of appellant after the consummation of the act, and was mere hearsay.
Appellant was indicted as a principal and not as an accessory, and it was therefore not competent for the State to prove appellant’s participation in the crime by Jones’ admissions made-in appellant’s absence. Under onr statutes persons who are present aiding and abetting in the commission of a crime are principal offenders and not accessories and must be indicted and convicted as principals. Crawford & Moses’ Digest, § 2311. Under an indictment for being an accessory to a crime, any evidence admissible upon the trial of the principal, including confessions, is admissible against the accessory, for the purpose of establishing the commission of the crime by the principal. 16 Corpus Juris, 669. But where a person is charged as principal in the commission of a crime, the acts and declarations of a co-participant in his absence and after the consummation of the offense are not admissible. The distinction is pointed out in the decision under a'similar statute in the case of State v. Bogue, 52 Kan. 79. It is a well-settled principle in the law of evidence that acts and declarations of a co-conspirator are inadmissible against another in the latter’s absence and after the consummation of the conspiratorial act.
For the error of the court in improperly admitting the testimony of the witness concerning statements of Jones in the absence of- appellant, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.